More people today are ready to fight corruption in India’s public life than ever before. Very few, however, know what it takes to achieve corruption free governance. The causes and manifestations of corruption are multiple and complex. In the final analysis, it is actions by the state, its institutions and civil society that are critical to achieving corruption control. We need both preventive and punitive measures to successfully fight corruption.
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This book examines the phenomenon of corruption from multiple perspectives and proposes an agenda of reform that has the potential to achieve corruption control. The contributors to this volume believe that without a major reform of India’s rather opaque and dysfunctional governance system, corruption free governance will remain a mere dream. Reform of the financing of political parties and elections, ways to minimise conflicts of interest and the capture of policymaking and regulatory regimes, redesign of service delivery systems, the scaling up of e-Governance to enhance transparency and accountability, and support to several important reforms already under way in government, are the way forward to effectively bring corruption under control.
read moreThis book, edited by Samuel Paul, provides a most comprehen-sive and in-depth survey of the rising tide of corruption in India and what needs to be done to tackle it. The subject of corruption is, of course, of great contemporary importance for the function-ing of our polity and governance. What distinguishes this book is its practical and multi-pronged approach for finding solutions to the problem. It deserves to be read by all concerned, particularly our parliamentarians and policy makers.
— Bimal Jalan
Former Governor, Reserve Bank of India, and former MP
The euphoria of the anti-corruption movement is waning. Factionalism and cynicism have made inroads, undermining most of what was gained. But the huge and complex issue of corruption remains, confronting us every day. Here is a cogent and thoughtful analysis of this hydra headed monster, and the levels at which it can be fought and slain. Individuals, groups, politicians, bureaucrats, intellectuals, and law makers, all have a role to play. And play it, we must.
— Mallika Sarabhai
Social commentator and activist
Samuel Paul, a former Professor and Director, Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad, is the founder and first chairman of the Public Affairs Centre (PAC), Bangalore, that pioneered the use of ‘citizen report cards’, a tool for social accountability. He has served as an adviser to the United Nations, World Bank and the ILO. His latest book (co-author) is The State of Our Cities (OUP, 2012).
R. Balasubramaniam
G.C. Bharuka
Subhash Bhatnagar
Bibek Debroy
Madhav Godbole
Samuel Paul
V. Ranganathan
E. Sridharan
A. Vaidyanathan
List of Tables and Figures Glossary About the Editor/Contributors Preface Samuel Paul |
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1. | Corruption in India: An Introduction |
Samuel Paul | |
Introduction Perspectives on Corruption A Typology of Corruption The Growth of Corruption Causes of Corruption The Way Forward References |
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2. | Reforming Campaign Finance to Tackle Corruption in India |
E. Sridharan | |
Recent International Experience in Political Finance Reform to Eliminate Corruption Current Practices in Fund-Raising by Indian Parties for Electoral and Inter-election Activities Recent Reforms in Political Finance and Attempts to Check Corruption: Perceptions of Politicians and Businessmen A Possible Reform Package References |
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3. | Corruption in the Delivery of Public Services |
Bibek Debroy | |
Introduction: Pinning Down Corruption The Big Ticket and the Small Ticket Corruption in the Delivery of Public Services Some Data from Jharkhand The Countervailing Pressure Systemic Problems References |
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4. | India’s Sham War against Corruption |
Madhav Godbole | |
Introduction Travails of Lokpal and Lokayukta Right to Information: A Ray of Hope Stalled Civil Service and Police Reforms Summing Up References |
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5. | Agricultural Credit: Policies, Performance and Corruption |
A. Vaidyanathan | |
Introduction Growth Institutional Finance for Agriculture and Rural Areas Impact of the Programme: A Critical Appraisal Cooperatives Implementation Commercial Banks Conclusion References |
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6. | Competition, Regulation and Corruption |
V. Ranganathan | |
Introduction Government-Corporate without Regulator Role of Regulator in Government-Corporate Relationship Conclusion References |
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7. | Public Services, Citizen Engagement and Social Accountability |
R. Balasubramaniam | |
Understanding Public Services Corruption in Public Services The PDS in Karnataka: Case of a Public Service Gone Horribly Wrong The (Targeted) Public Distribution System Corruption and Leakages in the National PDS Karnataka’s PDS Corruption and Leakages in Karnataka’s PDS Inclusion and Exclusion Errors of Karnataka What Could be Done to Set Right this Mess? Food Coupons Smart Card and Biometric Combination Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) Unique Identification Public Services and Social Accountability Technology-Enabled Community Governance in the Health Sector Conclusion References |
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8. | e-Governance: A Potent Tool to Fight Corruption |
Subhash Bhatnagar | |
Introduction e-Governance and Corruption: View in the Literature What is the Empirical Evidence that e-Governance can Help in Combating Corruption? Way Forward: Implementing e-Governance to Reduce Corruption Reducing Bribery: Recommendations Curbing Corruption with e-Governace: Agenda for the Future Conclusion References |
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9. | Corruption in the Justice Delivery System |
G.C. Bharuka | |
Judiciary, Judicial System and its Relevance in a Given Country Judiciary Under the Indian Constitution Corruption in Judiciary Indicators and Causes of Corruption in Judiciary Corruption in Judiciary: The Indian Context Judicial Accountability and Standards Bill References |
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10. | The Way Forward |
Samuel Paul | |
A Review of Critical Issues An Agenda for Action |
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Bibliography |
Professor J.J. Anjaria presents a lucid overview of the role of the State in Hindu thought and its connection to the modern State. The starting point is Dharma, which in Hinduism furnishes the elegant conceptual framework to understand the universe—and thereby also the nature of political obligation and the purpose of human activity. In particular, Hindu thought sees the State and its rulers as subservient to Dharma.
...
Prof. Anjaria argues that in modern times State regulation of men and institutions based on birth, power, wealth, or gender will block the fulfillment of the individual’s true aspirations and the development of a harmonious society. He calls for a renewed concept of Dharma, which would allow the State, in a true democracy, to fulfill its crucial role of supporting individual human endeavor. This requires moving away from the old view of Dharma, which over the centuries came to be implemented as a rigid, static set of rules that sought to preserve a status quo.
This work offers fresh insight into ancient Hindu political theory and a new perspective on Prof. Anjaria’s scholarship.
read more"It is wonderful to get back to cultural roots, with a mind like Dr. J.J. Anjaria. With him, the past lives today. This particularly when he says that the central principle of dharma should not be given up but the errors of the past must be avoided."
Yoginder K. Alagh
Noted economist;
former Union Minister, Government of India;
presently: Chairman, Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat
"An outstanding example of scholarship, the book asks the right questions that are of eternal significance to organised human society, and explores the concept of Dharma as relevant to the ideal of relations between the state and the individual. Based on a deep understanding of both western political thought and of Hindu philoso-phy, it pleads for properly interpreting the conception of Dharma. Reading this book is an enriching experience for the pearls of wisdom it dispenses. For example: 'We look behind only to look forward. . . . The Dharma-rajya of the future cannot be created on the foundations of an iniquitous social order.' Every sentence in the book evokes thoughts on contemporary global issues of nations and people. Highly recommended reading."
Y. Venugopal Reddy
Emeritus Professor, University of Hyderabad;
Former Governor, Reserve Bank of India
"This book is a reminder if we needed one that our pioneering generation of political economists was as familiar with ancient Indian political theory as they were with modern economics. Dr. Anjaria shows a deep know-ledge of the Sanskrit sources as well as Western political philosophy in this—his first book. I am pleased that it is being reissued for modern readers. There is much for us in active politics or just citizens to learn about political obligations from this volume."
Lord Meghnad Desai
Professor Emeritus at the London School of Economics,
and the author of The Rediscovery of India
A renowned economist, Prof. J.J. Anjaria (1908-70) co-authored the classic text on Indian agricultural economics, The Indian Rural Problem. He was edu-cated at Bombay University and the London School of Economics. After teaching at Poona and Bombay Universities, he joined the Reserve Bank of India, and was a staff member of the International Mone-tary Fund soon after its founding. Work on India’s first Five Year Plan brought him to the Planning Commission in 1950. Subsequently, he served as Chief Economic Advisor in the Ministry of Finance and as Executive Director for India at the Interna-tional Monetary Fund. He returned to the Reserve Bank of India as Deputy Governor in 1967. He was awarded Padma Shri in 1957 and elected Hon. Fellow of the London School of Economics in 1968.
Preface to the New Edition | |
Shailendra J. Anjaria | |
Introduction to the New Edition | |
Ulka Anjaria | |
General Introduction to the Series | |
N.A. Thoothi | |
Editorís Note | |
N.A. Thoothi | |
Foreword | |
P.A. Wadia | |
Preface | |
J.J. Anjaria | |
Introduction | |
Chapter I | |
The Divine Right Theory in Hindu Political Thought | |
Chapter II | |
The Contractual Theory of Political Obligation in Hindu Thought | |
Chapter III | |
The Theory of Force in Hindu Political Thought | |
Chapter IV | |
The Organic Theory in Hindu Political Thought | |
Chapter V | |
The End of the Hindu State | |
Chapter VI | |
The State and the Individual in Hindu Thought | |
Chapter VII | |
The Nature of the Hindu State | |
Chapter VIII | |
Dharma and Political Obligation | |
Bibliography | |
Index |
A unique collection of thoughts, ideas, views and vision of some of the brightest brains and most respected individuals—from senior cabinet ministers to role model captains of industry; from internationally acclaimed economists to diplomats par excellence and think-tank honchos; from IT innovators to provocative journalists—all jostle together in this volume sharing glimpses of India of their dreams.
...
Sheer diversity of subjects, strength of arguments, force of articulation and the breadth of vision is sure to provoke the reader to think about India…
read moreSurendra Kumar is a historian by education, diplomat by profession and a sensitive author and poet. He has represented India in a dozen countries in the last three and a half decades in various capacities as: Ambassador to Mozambique, Libya, Eritrea and Democratic Republic of Congo; High Commissioner to Kenya, Swaziland and Malta; Consul General in Chicago, Minister (Press, Information and Culture) London; PR of India to UNEP & UN-HABITAT; Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India; and Dean, Foreign Service Institute, New Delhi.
Pradeep K. Kapur, Joint Secretary, Foreign Service Institute, Ministry of External Affairs is a career diplomat of the Indian Foreign Service, and has interest in the theory and practice of economic, political and cultural diplomacy. He has been India’s Ambassador to Cambodia, and has served in various capacities in the Ministry of External Affairs and in the Indian Embassies abroad. He has studied at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Delhi), Oxford University, UK, and has been a faculty member at Georgetown University, Washington DC.
Mani Shankar Aiyar
M.J. Akbar
Mythili Bhusnurmath
Marshall Bouton
P. Chidambaram
Sadia Dehlvi
Meghnad Desai
Sheila Dikshit
N. Gopalaswami
Dipak C. Jain
Meira Kumar
Surendra Kumar
Wangari Muta Maathai
Sonal Mansingh
Sunil Bharti Mittal
Pranab Mukherjee
Satish Nambiar
Saeed Naqvi
Shivraj Patil
Sam Pitroda
Lalu Prasad
Azim Premji
Varun Sahni
Kapil Sibal
Abhishek Manu Singhvi
Shashi Tharoor
J.S. Verma
Foreword | |
Introduction | |
1. | The World Today: An Indian Perspective |
Pranab Mukherjee | |
2. | India of My Dreams: Abject Poverty can be Eradicated |
P. Chidambaram | |
3. | Acceptance of Anekantvada: |
Essential for Strengthening India’s Democracy | |
Shivraj Patil | |
4. | India’s Rise: What Indians, Americans and Chinese Think |
Marshall Bouton | |
5. | Dreaming for a Better Society |
Wangari Muta Maathai | |
6. | India of My Dreams |
Abhishek Manu Singhvi | |
7. | Branding India in a Global Context |
Dipak C. Jain | |
8. | Realising India’s Soft Power Potential for Shaping it’s Future |
Shashi Tharoor | |
9. | India of My Dreams: Spectacular Future Beckons India |
Sunil Bharti Mittal | |
10. | Bhagidari for Building a Better India |
Sheila Dikshit | |
11. | Knowledge for a More Just, Equitable and Inclusive Society |
Sam Pitroda | |
12. | Historic Turn-around of the Indian Railways |
Lalu Prasad | |
13. | Emergence of India and China as Major Economic Powers |
Meghnad Desai | |
14. | Science and Technology for |
India’s Economic Development and Prosperity | |
Kapil Sibal | |
15. | India of My Dreams: Empowerment of the Poor |
Mani Shankar Aiyar | |
16. | Need of a Just, Equitable and Inclusive Society in the 21st Century |
Meira Kumar | |
17. | An Alert, Impartial, Efficient and Effective Election Commission: |
A Must for Strengthening Democracy | |
N Gopalaswami | |
18. | India of My Dreams: Making Rights Choices |
Azim Premji | |
19. | From Communication to Knowledge |
Sam Pitroda | |
20. | An Impartial, Trustworthy and People-friendly Judiciary: |
An Indispensable Pillar for Democracy | |
J. S. Verma | |
21. | India at Sixty |
Surendra Kumar, Sonal Mansingh, Satish Nambiar, Saeed Naqvi, Varun Sahni, Mythili Bhusnurmath, Sadia Dehlvi and J. S. Verma |
|
22. | India of My Dreams |
Surendra Kumar | |
23. | Islam, Jehad and Global War on Terrorism |
M.J. Akbar |
The story of a rising India has surprised the world but also captured its imagination. It is said that no other democracy has ever achieved levels of sustained economic growth comparable to India's over the last two decades. Exploring India's growing global importance and its domestic and external challenges, this unique volume examines the complexities of India's political, economic, and social evolution in the coming decade.
...Combining lively discussions with back-ground essays contributed by a galaxy of prominent individuals from different spheres of life—distinguished scholars, policymakers, economists, corporate leaders, journalists, educationists and film-makers—the book offers compelling insights into the democracy, economy, and society of an emerging power.
read more“By the end of the next decade we will be the world’s largest nation. We already are the world’s largest multi-cultural, multi-religious, multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic democracy. The success of the Indian experiment in nation building and in the social and economic empowerment of a billion people is vital for the very future of mankind in the 21st century.”
— Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India
Manmohan Malhoutra, a Rhodes scholar and a former member of the Indian Administrative Service (1961 to 1978) is presently Secretary-General, Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, New Delhi.
Ahluwalia, Montek S.
A distinguished economist Montek S. Ahluwalia is presently Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Government of India. Earlier, he was Director, Independent Evaluation Office at the International Monetary Fund, Washington. His previously held positions include Member, Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council, and Finance Secretary, Government of India. Mr. Ahluwalia has published several articles in reputed journals and has numerous contributions in major reports and edited volumes.
Ahmad, Aijaz
Aijaz Ahmad currently holds the Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Chair at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. Professor Ahmad has authored several books and is Senior Editorial Consultant for Frontline, Chennai.
Bajpai, K. Shankar
K. Shankar Bajpai is Chairman of the Delhi Policy Group. He was formerly Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs. From 1970 to 1974 he was the Government of India's Representative in Sikkim, and subsequently Ambassador to the Netherlands, Pakistan, China and the United States. After his retirement, he was Visiting Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and Professor at Brandeis University.
Banga, Manvinder Singh (Vindi)
Manvinder Singh (Vindi) Banga, has held a variety of positions in Unilever since he joined in 1977. In April 2005, Vindi joined the newly formed Unilever Executive (UEx) and was appointed President (Foods). He is also non-executive Chairman of Hindustan Lever Ltd. and is actively involved on the Boards and Managing Committee of many trade and non-trade bodies.
Benegal, Shyam
Legendary film-maker, Shyam Benegal is one of the pioneers of the new cinema in India. The Government of India has conferred on him two of its most prestigious awards, Padma Shri (1976) and Padma Bhushan (1991).
Bery, Suman K.
Suman K. Bery is Director General of the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi. Earlier he served at The World Bank, Washington. Beside his expertise in Latin American economies, he has written extensively in the press and elsewhere on current issues in the Indian economy.
Bhaskar, C. Uday
Commodore Uday Bhaskar is one of India’s leading defence analysts at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. He has contributed over 50 research articles/papers to professional journals and books published in India and abroad.
Bhatt, Mahesh
Renowned film-maker Mahesh Bhatt gained acclaim for his bold films Arth ('82), Saaransh ('84), Janam ('90), Daddy ('91), Tamanna ('97) and finally Zakhm ('99)... all of them born from his own experiences. Today, he has moved on to writing books and films. He is Chairman of Vishesh Entertainment and is the creative backbone for Fisheye Network.
Chandhoke, Neera
Neera Chandhoke is Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Delhi and Director, Developing Countries Research Centre, University of Delhi. She has authored and edited several publications.
Chellaney, Brahma
Brahma Chellaney is Research Professor of Strategic Studies at the Centre for Policy Research, Delhi. A specialist on international security and arms control issues, Professor Chellaney has held appointments at Harvard University, the Brookings Institution, the Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and the Australian National University. Until January 2000 he served as convenor of the External Security Group of India's National Security Advisory Board.
Chowdhary, Rekha
Rekha Chowdhary is Professor of Political Science, University of Jammu. She has been working in the areas of Indian and state politics, specialising in the politics of Jammu and Kashmir. She is currently the coordinator, UGC Special Assistance Programme on Jammu and Kashmir.
Dev, S. Mahendra
Professor S. Mahendra Dev currently Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad, has written extensively on agricultural development, poverty and public policy. He has been a member of several government committees and has also been associated with international bodies like the UNDP, IFPRI, ESCAP and The World Bank.
Gandhi, Sonia
Sonia Gandhi is the President of the Indian National Congress Party which made a remarkable comeback under her leadership in the 2004 General Elections for the 14th Lok Sabha. She is also the Chairperson of the Coordinating Committee of the ruling United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the Chairperson, Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust.
Ganguly, Ashok S.
Ashok Ganguly is currently the Chairman of ICICI OneSource Limited and ABP Pvt. Ltd. and has been a Director on the Central Board of the Reserve Bank of India, since November 2000. In addition, Dr. Ganguly heads his own company, Technology Network India Pvt. Ltd. He is a recipient of the Padma Bhushan, one of India's highest honours.
Gupta, Dipankar
Dipankar Gupta is currently a professor in the Centre for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru University. He has authored and edited several books. He is also co-editor of Contributions to Indian Sociology.
Hasan, Zoya
Zoya Hasan is Professor of Political Science at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. She has been recently appointed as a Fellow of the Human Development and Capability Association of the Global Equity Initiative of the Asia Centre of Harvard University. She has authored and edited several books.
Hazarika, Sanjoy
Sanjoy Hazarika is Managing Trustee, Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research (C-NES); Consulting Editor, The Statesman and Visiting Professor at the Centre for Policy Research. He has written extensively on the Northeast and made documentary films about the region and countries in its neighbourhood. He is an award winning former correspondent of The New York Times.
Hoskote, Ranjit
Ranjit Hoskote is a poet, art theorist and independent curator of contemporary Asian art. He is the author of seven books, among which three are collections of poetry. Hoskote has received the Sahitya Akademi Golden Jubilee Award for Literature (2004) and Sanskriti Award for Literature (1996). He is currently Assistant Editor with The Hindu, Bombay.
Jha, Prem Shankar
Prem Shankar has been editor of The Economic Times, The Financial Express, economic editor of The Times of India and editor of the Hindustan Times. Currently he is a columnist for the Outlook magazine, Hindustan Times, Dainik Bhaskar and several other newspapers. He is the the author of many widely acclaimed books.
Kakar, Sudhir
Psychoanalyst and writer, Sudhir Kakar has been Professor of Organisa-tional Behaviour at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad and Head of Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi. Dr. Kakar's many honours include the Kardiner Award of Columbia University, Boyer Prize for Psychological Anthropology of the American Anthropological Association, Germany’s Goethe Medal, and being elected to the Académie Universelle des Cultures in Paris. Several of his books have been translated into 20 languages around the world.
Kanwar, Amar
Amar Kanwar is an independent film-maker working from New Delhi. His films were exhibited at DOCUMENTA 11 and in several international film festivals. His films have been essentially on issues of ecology, human rights, sexuality, art and politics. He has received several awards at the International Film Festivals.
Karnad, Bharat
Bharat Karnad is Research Professor in National Security Studies at the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, and has authored books on nuclear weapons and India's security. He regularly lectures at various military forums.
Khilnani, Sunil
Sunil Khilnani is currently Professor of Politics and Director, South Asia Studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, in Washington DC. He has authored several well known books, including The Idea of India.
Kidwai, Naina Lal
Naina Lal Kidwai is the Chief Executive Officer of HSBC in India. Besides being the first woman to head a foreign bank in India, Ms. Kidwai was also the first Indian woman to graduate from the Harvard Business School. Ranked 3rd in Asia by Fortune magazine in their first ever listing of 'the world's top women in business in Asia' in 2000 and subsequently ranked in the 'top 50 women in Business', internationally, by Fortune magazine in the first such listing in 2001 and subsequently in 2002 and 2003. Also listed by Time magazine as one of their '15 Global Influentials' 2002.
Kumar, Radha
Radha Kumar is Visiting Professor at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, and trustee of the Delhi Policy Group, where she is directing a programme on "Durable Peace Processes and Partners" jointly sponsored by the India International Centre. She is currently writing a book on the India-Pakistan peace process. Her articles have been widely published in reputed national and international journals.
Malhoutra, Manmohan
Secretary-General of the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation since 2001, ‘Moni’ Malhoutra was formerly Assistant Secretary-General of the Commonwealth and later, a member of the Board of Directors of International IDEA – the Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm. Educated in Delhi and Oxford, he was a member of the Indian Administrative Service (1961-1978) and served in the Secretariat of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi from 1966 to 1973. He then moved to London to the Commonwealth Secretariat, where he played a leading role in Commonwealth efforts to end apartheid in South Africa.
Mehta, Pratap Bhanu
Pratap Bhanu Mehta is the President and Chief Executive of the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. He has published widely in reputed national and international journals. He has been a prolific contributor to public debates and his columns have regularly appeared in The New Republic, Foreign Policy, The Hindu, The Indian Express, The Telegraph, Yale Global and numerous other papers.
Menon, Asha (Revathy)
Revathy was introduced into films by the veteran director Bharathi Rajaa in the year 1933. Since then she has done more than 95 films in five Indian languages. She has received several national and international awards. Revathy is an exponent in classical Bharathanatyam. She is now involved in many social activities involving people with disabilities and children.
Monteiro, Vivek
Vivek Monteiro is currently the Secretary CITU, Maharashtra State Committee; Convenor CITU Maharashtra State Coordination Committee for Unorganised Sector Workers. He is also a member of the Maharashtra State Committee of CPI(M). Dr. Monteiro joined the trade union movement in 1977. He has worked primarily on issues pertaining to the unorganised sector. He is also an active member of the Group for Nuclear Disarmament and has written extensively on labour, science and technology and nuclear weapons.
Mukherjee, Mridula
Mridula Mukherjee is Chairperson and Professor of Modern Indian History at the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She is member, executive committee of the National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) and the Indian History Congress. She is closely associated with Shantha Sinha's movement for abolition of child labour and for universal school education. She has authored and co-authored some best-selling books.
Munjal, Sunil Kant
Sunil Kant Munjal is the Managing Director and CEO of Hero Cycles Ltd. He is the past president of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), India's premier business association. Mr. Munjal has been a member of several national level Government committees, is currently a member of the Prime Minister's Council on Trade and Industry, and the Consultative Group on Industry, Planning Commission, among others.
Munjee, Nasser
Nasser Munjee, a monetary economist, is presently the Chairman of Development Credit Bank. Earlier, he was the Managing Director and CEO of Infrastructure Development Finance Company Limited, India (IDFC) and introduced the concept of private financing of public infrastructure to India. Mr. Munjee is on the Board of many corporates and is deeply interested in development issues. An ardent lover of jazz, Mr. Munjee is the Chairman of Jazz India.
Narain, Sunita
Sunita Narain is the Director of the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), and the editor/publisher of Down To Earth, India's first science and environment fortnightly magazine. She has received many national awards and honours for her contributions to the environmental cause.
Narayan, Jayaprakash
Jayaprakash Narayan describes himself as a physician by training, a public servant by choice, and a democrat by conviction. He resigned from the IAS in 1996 and in the same year started the Foundation for Democratic Reforms, a non-partisan think tank, to promote political and governance reforms. Dr. Narayan also started Lok Satta, a grassroots movement to exert positive pressure to institutionalise good governance. Lok Satta is now India's largest non-partisan movement for governance reforms, with popular support and credibility.
Nayyar, Deepak
Deepak Nayyar, formerly Vice Chancellor of the University of Delhi is an eminent economist; has taught at the University of Oxford, the University of Sussex, the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Professor Nayyar is Chairman of the Board of Governors of the UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, and Chairman of the Advisory Council for the Queen Elizabeth House at the University of Oxford. He is also a Member of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization.
Ninan, T.N.
T.N. Ninan is the editor and publisher of Business Standard. He is also a familiar figure on national television as a commentator on economic issues. He has won the B.D. Goenka Award for excellence in journalism (1992), and the Sachin Chaudhuri Award for excellence in financial journalism.
Parthasarathy, Ravi
Ravi Parthasarathy is the Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (IL&FS). He is on the Board of several companies, including The National Stock Exchange of India Limited. He is also a Member of the Expert Committee on Infra-structure, constituted by the Government of India.
Prahalad, C.K.
C.K. Prahalad is Paul and Ruth McCracken Distinguished University Professor at University of Michigan. Professor Prahalad is a globally known figure and has consulted with the top management of many of the world's foremost companies. His research specialises in corporate strategy and the role and value added of top management in large, diversified, multinational corporations.
Prasad, Chandra Bhan
Chandra Bhan Prasad is the first and only Dalit writer to run columns in mainstream newspapers. Author of the famous Bhopal Document (2002) for the Government of Madhya Pradesh, Mr. Prasad is a diversity advocate for Dalits in India. He has written Vishwasghat (in Hindi), detailing landholding patterns in India's 16 major states.
Raina, Vinod
Vinod Raina worked as a software consultant at Delhi University. He resigned in 1982 to work full-time at the grassroots level for the qualitative improvement of rural school education, and co-founded the Eklavya Group which has done pioneering work in this area since then. He was also associated, from its inception, with the mass literacy campaign model. For this purpose he co-founded the Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti (BGVS), a movement of half a million volunteers working on elementary education, health, women, livelihoods in 250 districts of 20 states. He is currently the General Secretary of BGVS.
Rampal, Anita
Anita Rampal is working with the Central Institute of Education, University of Delhi. She is a member of the Executive Committee of NCERT and has been closely associated with the development of new textbooks. She was earlier the Director, National Literacy Resource Centre, Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration, Mussoorie and has been involved in major educational initiatives like the National Literacy Campaign. She has authored several books and academic papers.
Ramphal, Shridath
Sir Shridath ('Sonny') Ramphal was the Foreign Minister of Guyana before being elected as Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, a post he held for three terms (1975-1990). He was a prominent member of all the independent international commissions of the 1980s. In the 1990s he was Co-Chairman (along with Ingvar Carlsson, the then Prime Minister of Sweden) of the International Commission on Global Governance.
Sanghvi, Vir
Vir Sanghvi is Editorial Director, of the Hindustan Times. He is an accomplished writer and columnist, and anchors influential and popular programmes on television. He has won innumerable awards for his writings and journalism and was named a Global Leader of Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in Davos in 1983.
Sen, Mrinal
"I'm a film-maker by accident and occasionally an author by compulsion," claims Mrinal Sen. He started writing on the aesthetics of cinema, its philosophy, its socio-political relevance, and dreamt of a genre, called New Cinema. He has received numerous awards, national and international. He has served on the juries of many film festivals. For nine continuous years, he remained the Chairman of the International Federation of Film Societies.
Setalvad, Teesta
Teesta Setalvad has been a journalist since 1983, when she was the editor of Communalism Combat. She is a trustee of the Women's Centre, D.D. Kosambi Trust, Bombay. She has written and directed various documentary films and has received many awards including the Rajiv Gandhi Sadbhavna Award 2002.
Singh, Manmohan
Dr. Manmohan Singh is the Prime Minister of India. A distinguished economist, Dr. Singh is widely regarded as the principal architect of India’s economic reforms, a process initiated in 1991 when he was the Union Finance Minister.
Varadarajan, Siddharth
Siddharth Varadarajan is Deputy Editor of The Hindu, with primary responsibility for writing on strategic affairs and internal security. In addition to his academic writings in edited books, he himself edited a volume on the Gujarat violence, Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy (2002).
Vasudev, Aruna
Aruna Vasudev is the Founder-Editor of Osian's-Cinemaya, the Asian Film Quarterly, founded in 1988; Founder-Director of Osian's-Cinefan, the annual Festival of Asian Cinema in Delhi, and President of NETPAC (Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema) International. She is a member on the Board of the Public Service Broadcasting Trust in Delhi. She is a regular writer on film for various newspapers and periodicals. She has been a member or President of the international juries of several international film festivals.
Vatsyayan, Kapila
Kapila Vatsyayan is Chairperson of the IIC-Asia Project, India International Centre and represents India on the UNESCO Executive Board. She is also Vice-Chairperson of the Central Advisory Board on Culture of the Government of India. Dr. Vatsyayan’s work in education and culture has received recognition nationally and internationally, including eight Honoris Causa degrees; the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award 2000, and most recently, the Lalit Kala Ratna Award on the occasion of the golden jubilee of the Lalit Kala Academi.
Yadav, Yogendra
Prof. Yogendra Yadav is Senior Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), Delhi. He is the Founder Convenor of the Lokniti network. Prof. Yadav has designed and coordinated the National Election Studies from 1996 to 2004—the largest ever series of academic surveys of the Indian electorate. He has contributed about 200 articles in various newspapers and magazines. He is currently the Executive Editor of Samayik Varta, a monthly Hindi magazine.
Yechury, Sitaram
Sitaram Yechury is a Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) from the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He is a member of the party's Central Committee and Politburo and has authored various publications on communalism, economic policy and social and cultural issues.
Contributors/Discussants Editors’ Introduction |
|
1. | Shaping Our Future |
Sonia Gandhi | |
2. | India: The Next Decade---Imperatives and Reflections |
Manmohan Singh | |
Section I Democracy: Challenges and Prospects -------- Background Papers-------- |
|
3. | Aspects of Democratic Accountability in India |
Pratap Bhanu Mehta | |
4. | Indian Democracy: An Audit |
Yogendra Yadav | |
5. | Seeing the State in India |
Neera Chandhoke | |
6. | Our Democracy—The Challenges that it Must Address |
Prem Shankar Jha | |
7. | Political Reforms and Economic Prosperity |
Jayaprakash Narayan | |
8. | Justice Delayed is Justice Denied: |
Mass Crimes in India: A Challenge to Our Democracy | |
Teesta Setalvad | |
-------- Presentations and Discussion-------- | |
9. | Introductory Remarks |
Zoya Hasan | |
10. | Presentation 1: A Liberal Constitutional Democracy |
Pratap Bhanu Mehta | |
11. | Presentation 2: Script vs. Performance |
Yogendra Yadav | |
12. | Discussion |
13. | Concluding Remarks |
Section II Economy: Growth and Equity -------- Background Papers-------- |
|
14. | Agriculture and Rural Development: |
Policy Issues for Growth and Equity | |
S. Mahendra Dev | |
15. | India’s Northeast: Looking within, Stretching Eastward |
Sanjoy Hazarika | |
16. | Our Economy—How Growth Can be |
Combined with Equity | |
Prem Shankar Jha | |
17. | Another India is Possible: Basic Needs, |
the Unorganised Sector and Science in India | |
Vivek Monteiro | |
18. | India: A Partnership Agenda for the Next Decade |
Nasser Munjee | |
19. | Growth with Equity: Understanding Ecological Poverty |
Sunita Narain | |
20. | Economy: Growth and Equity |
Asha Menon (Revathy) | |
21. | Social Equity: Can Market Reform Society? |
Chandra Bhan Prasad | |
22. | Achieving Economic Growth with Equity |
Ravi Parthasarathy | |
-------- Presentations and Discussion-------- | |
23. | Introductory Remarks |
Suman K. Bery | |
24. | Presentation 1: Bottom of the Pyramid |
C. K. Prahalad | |
25. | Presentation 2: Growth with Equity— |
The Essence of Development | |
Deepak Nayyar | |
26. | Discussion |
27. | Concluding Remarks |
Appendix—Growth and Equity: The Way Forward | |
Sunil Kant Munjal | |
Section III Society: Changing Values -------- Background Papers-------- |
|
28. | The Enemy Within |
Mahesh Bhatt | |
-------- Presentations and Discussion-------- | |
29. | Opening Remarks |
Sudhir Kakar | |
30. | Presentation 1: Learning to Deal with Our Contradictions |
Amar Kanwar | |
31. | Presentation 2: Restoring Positive Values |
and Rejuvenating Mass Movements | |
Mridula Mukerjee | |
32. | Discussion |
33. | Concluding Remarks |
Section IV India and the World -------- Background Papers-------- |
|
34. | India and the World |
Sunil Khilnani | |
35. | Vision, Conviction, Strategy, and Will: |
The Four Deficits in India’s Foreign-Military Policy | |
Bharat Karnad | |
36. | India and the World |
Radha Kumar | |
-------- Presentations and Discussion-------- | |
37. | Opening Remarks |
Shridath Ramphal | |
38. | Presentation 1: India and the New World Order |
Sunil Khilnani | |
39. | Presentation 2: Emerging Great Power? |
Bharat Karnad | |
40. | Discussion |
41. | Concluding Remarks |
42. | India: The Next Decade---Imperatives and Reflections |
Manmohan Singh | |
Index |
India's recent economic growth, in a society where most remain poor and benefits are unequally distributed, poses dilemmas for policy makers and analysts. Do rapid growth and widespread inequality necessarily go hand in hand ? Can inequality be lessened without impeding the growth essential to sustain social spending ? What is a sustainable pattern of growth ?
...
India, historically committed to a path of social democratic progress, is taking important steps to mitigate social risk and inequality: Examples include the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, the Right to Education Act, legislation on food security, as well as introduction of innovative delivery mechanisms. Building on these initiatives, India's challenge now is to create an integrated political vision based on a three-fold commitment: to the values of social justice, to the instruments of markets, and to the processes of democracy.
Can India rise to this challenge ? What hurdles—cultural no less than political and economic—stand in the way of realising its social democratic ideals ? Are current priorities appropriate ? Such questions and how they might be addressed animate this remarkable twin volume collection.
An array of some of the world's leading minds—scholars and intellectuals, policymakers and politicians—draw upon both the global and Indian experience of social democracy, to offer lessons from the many struggles to align competitive markets, democracy and social justice.
They reflect, too, on the changing contours of social democracy in the context of globalisation, environmental stress and the market economy's limitations. Putting India's social democratic agenda and ambitions to critical scrutiny, issues are raised that challenge the political and ethical imagination of policymakers and citizens. Insights emerge that make this collection an illuminating read.
read moreSunil Khilnani is Avantha Professor and Director, India Institute at King's College, London. His research interests lie at the intersection of various fields: intellectual history and the study of political thought, the history of modern India, democratic theory in relation to its recent non-Western experiences, the politics of contemporary India, and strategic thought in the definition of India’s place in the world.
His publications include The Idea of India, translated into several languages, most recently Arabic and Tamil; and Civil Society: History and Possibilities (with Sudipta Kaviraj), as well as many essays and articles.
Manmohan (‘Moni’) Malhoutra is a Trustee of the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust. A Rhodes scholar and a former member of the Indian Administrative Service (1961 to 1978) he worked with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in her Secretariat from 1966-1973. He was Assistant Secretary General of the Commonwealth Secretariat, London (1981-1993), a member of the Board of International IDEA, Stockholm (1996-2005), and Secretary-General of the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation (2001-2007).
Sonia Gandhi
Manmohan Singh
Joseph E Stiglitz
Jean Dreze
Pranab Bardhan
Montek S. Ahluwalia
Kaushik Basu
Sunil Khilnani
Anu Aga
Bina Agarwal
Sudipta Kaviraj
Mirai Chatterjee
Jonathan Cohn
Nitin Desai
Sri Mulyani Indrawati
Niraja Gopal Jayal
Vijay L. Kelkar
Chanda Kochhar
Michael Walton
Manish Sabharwal
Rohan Samarajiva
Kumar Mangalam Birla
Pratap Bhanu Mehta
Jamshyd Godrej
Pascal Lamy
Sudha Murty
Wang Hui
Sunita Narain
Nandan Nilekani
Kumi Naidoo
Joakim Palme
Rob Riemen
Nemat Shafik
Sudhir Agarwal
Anusha Rizvi
Pierre Rosanvallon
Aruna Roy
Rehman Sobhan
Erik Solheim
Steven Wilkinson
Yogendra Yadav
VOLUME I |
|
Introduction | |
SUNIL KHILNANI | |
1. | The Ideology of Social Democracy |
SONIA GANDHI | |
2. | Indian Social Democracy: Growth with Social Justice |
MANMOHAN SINGH | |
Section I Social Democracy as a Political Value and Theory |
|
——— Background Papers ———————————— | |
3. | What is a Democratic Society? |
PIERRE ROSANVALLON | |
4. | Citizenship and Solidarity in Social Democracy |
PRATAP BHANU MEHTA | |
5. | The Idea of India as Social Democracy |
SUNIL KHILNANI | |
——— Presentations and Discussions ———————— | |
6. | Introductory Remarks |
MONTEK SINGH AHLUWALIA | |
7. | Presentation by |
PIERRE ROSANVALLON | |
8. | Presentation by |
PRATAP BHANU MEHTA | |
9. | Presentation by |
SUNIL KHILNANI | |
10. | Discussion |
Section II Social Democracy in Global Perspective |
|
——— Background Papers ———————————— | |
11. | Social Democracy and Globalisation |
PASCAL LAMY | |
12. | Social Democracy and the European Social Model: |
Reflections on the Past, Present and Future | |
JOAKIM PALME | |
13. | The Dialectics of Self-Reliance and |
Opening: China’s Experience and Challenges | |
WANG HUI | |
14. | The Strange Life of American Welfare |
JONATHAN COHN | |
———— Presentations and Discussions ——————— | |
15. | Introductory Remarks |
JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ | |
16. | Presentation by |
PASCAL LAMY | |
17. | Presentation by |
JOAKIM PALME | |
18. | Presentation by |
WANG HUI | |
19. | Presentation by |
JONATHAN COHN | |
20. | Discussion |
Section III The Political Economy of Social Democracy |
|
Section III (a) | |
——— Background Papers ———————————— | |
21. | Indian Social Democracy: The Resource Perspective |
VIJAY KELKAR AND AJAY SHAH | |
22. | Social Democracy, Capital and Growth |
KAUSHIK BASU | |
23. | Social Democracy and Environmental Protection |
NITIN DESAI | |
——— Presentations and Discussions ———————— | |
24. | Introductory Remarks |
NEMAT SHAFIK | |
25. | Presentation by |
VIJAY KELKAR | |
26. | Presentation by |
KAUSHIK BASU | |
27. | Presentation by |
NITIN DESAI | |
28. | Discussion |
Index | |
VOLUME II |
|
Section III The Political Economy of Social Democracy |
|
Section III (b) | |
——— Background Papers ———————————— | |
29. | Inequality, Inefficiency, and the Challenges for |
Social Democracy in India’s Economic Transition | |
PRANAB BARDHAN | |
30. | Can a Social Democratic Resolution Resolve |
Issues of Inequality and Growth for India? | |
MICHAEL WALTON | |
——— Presentations and Discussions ———————— | |
31. | Introductory Remarks |
REHMAN SOBHAN | |
32. | Presentation by |
PRANAB BARDHAN | |
33. | Presentation by |
MICHAEL WALTON | |
34. | Discussion |
Section IV The Social and Political Context of Social Democracy in India |
|
——— Background Papers ———————————— | |
35. | Decentralisation and the Prospects of |
Social Democracy in India | |
NIRAJA GOPAL JAYAL | |
36. | Social Democracy and Ethnic Cleavages |
STEVEN I. WILKINSON | |
37. | Indian Social Democracy and Questions of Culture |
SUDIPTA KAVIRAJ | |
38. | The Politics of Feasible Social Democracy |
YOGENDRA YADAV | |
———— Presentations and Discussions ——————— | |
39. | Introductory Remarks |
BINA AGARWAL | |
40. | Presentation by |
NIRAJA GOPAL JAYAL | |
41. | Presentation by |
STEVEN I. WILKINSON | |
42. | Presentation by |
YOGENDRA YADAV | |
43. | Discussion |
Afterword | |
A Social Democratic Agenda for a More Dynamic Indian Economy: Creating an Innovative and Learning Society | |
JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ | |
Contributors / Discussants | |
Index |
India runs the world's oldest and one of the most comprehensive affirmative action policies in the form of reservations or quotas for its disadvantaged sections. Ever since its adaptation, this critical public policy remains the most controversial and polarising public policy that the Independent India has adopted as yet. While much of the national preoccupation over reservation have been devoted to debate its necessity and relevance in addressing exclusion and inequality, the country still seems to lack a data-based understanding of its enforcement across different domains. How earnestly state and its agencies have enforced the reservation policies? We know less about the trends of implementation in different domains and how or what percentage of population among these social groups have benefited from it. Fact is there are very few credible research studies on the issue of affirmative policies in India.
...
This publication is an attempt to fill some of the void by compiling data on key domains of reservation policy apart from flagging crucial issues relating to linkages among the three key domains of reservations, namely, higher education, employment, and political representation. A comparison of all three domains in terms of implementation of reservation policies, across different time periods (e.g., pre- and post-Mandal phases) and among different regions, provides useful insights about these linkages. In doing so, the work throws some critical insights on the processes at work, and identifies areas for further research.
Niranjan Sahoo is a Fellow at Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi and a Visiting Fellow with University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia as a recipient of ASIA Fellow Award. He has more than eight years of research experience in dealing with diverse political economy and governance issues pertaining to India. At ORF, he has been specialising on number of public policy issues particularly power sector reforms, public services delivery, local government and political economy. Affirmative action and issues of access and inclusion are some of his current concern. Currently, he is undertaking an extensive review of various affirmative options available in private sector in the world.
His most recent publication was a monograph on “Politics of Power Sector Reforms in India”. Other than policy analysis, he has worked extensively with number of national level civil society organisations on issues of social equity and inclusion. He also regularly contributes to national dailies and current affairs journals.
Foreword
1. Introduction
The Scope of the Present Work
Methodology and Database
Chapterisation
2. Evolution of Reservation Policies
Affirmative Action: A Brief History
Reservation and the Post-Independent
Dilemmas
The Other Backward Castes and the
Reservation Policy
Courts, Commissions and Dilemmas of
Defining 'Backwardness'
The Mandal Commission
Court's Tryst to Define 'Backwardness'
3. Reservation and Public Employment
Relaxations and Concessions
Status of Implementation
Public Employment and SC, ST and OBCs:
Current Status
Representation in Central Public Sector
Units (CPSU)
Representation in Higher Education Institutions
Status of Representation in Non-Reserved
Public Institutions
Summary of Trends
4. Reservation and Higher Education
Literacy and Enrolment: SCs, STs,
OBCs versus Others
Enrolment: State Level Patterns
Higher Education: Current Scenario
Current Attendance
Trends of Participation in Different
Academic Disciplines
Participation at the State Level
Trends of Participation in Specialised Courses
Summary of Trends
5. Reservation and Political Representation
Status of Political Representation
Legislatures: The Lok Sabha
Reservations at the Middle and Lower
Government Positions
Political Representation of OBCs: Some Trends
Summary of Trends
6. Conclusion and Issues for Further Exploration
Public Employment
Higher Education
Political Representation
Issues for Further Research
References
Index
This book is an independent and pioneering effort to assess the state of India’s public services from a user’s perspective. Most people in India depend on the “state” for many essential services. Yet, the state’s monitoring of service delivery seldom goes beyond tracking public expenditure and physical outputs. Citizens who are the ultimate beneficiaries of these services are never asked for their feedback on the services despite the fact that they possess valuable information on the delivery, quality and responsiveness of services.
...
The authors have admirably filled this gap and provided unique benchmarks with respect to five basic services that matter to most people, viz., drinking water, primary health care, primary education, public distribution of food and public transport across the major states of India. Based on user feedback from 37,000 households drawn from both rural and urban areas, the study derives important conclusions on the access, use, reliability and satisfaction with respect to these services. A key finding is that governments have done more for extending access to services, but much less for their effectiveness and reliability. Equally important are also the findings on how disadvantaged households and less developed regions have fared with respect to these services.
“This is yet another important milestone in the work of the Public Affairs Centre. I hope the survey will stimulate a productive debate, identifying areas which offer scope for improvement both in the formulation of policy design as well as in improving the quality of the service delivery system. An important aspect of the study is that we have today a benchmark that enables us to measure our performance in the years to come for the country as a whole and the States. I once again compliment Prof. Paul and his colleagues for having produced a study which has far reaching implications for the planning of our public policy and the social and economic development of our country.”
— Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India
“This monumental study covering the major states in India brings out in rich details the present status of services basic to human development, the extent to which the disadvantaged groups and those in rural and urban peripheries have access to these services and their priority needs. It also provides a valuable set of benchmarks and an innovative analytical design for monitoring the outputs and outcomes in a policy area critical in India's strategy for poverty reduction and economic reforms with a human face."
— Dr. V.M. Rao Honorary Visiting Fellow, ISEC, Bangalore
read moreDr. Samuel Paul is founder chairperson of the Public Affairs Centre (PAC), Bangalore, India. He spearheaded the development of “Citizen Report Cards” as an accountability tool. Formerly he was Director and professor of economics at IIM, Ahmedabad.
Dr. Suresh Balakrishnan is Chief Technical Advisor with UNDP.
Dr. Gopakumar Thampi is Exec. Director of Public Affairs Foundation, Bangalore and former Head of the Asia Desk at the Transparency International secretariat in Berlin.
Dr. Sita Sekhar is Chief Research Officer at PAC.
Prof. M. Vivekananda is Senior Advisor to Public Affairs Foundation, Bangalore.
Preface
Acronyms
Glossary
Overview
1.Introduction
Role of the State in Service Delivery
Gaps in Service Delivery
Institutional Factors Affecting Public Service Delivery
Concept and Approach to Involving Citizens in Monitoring Service Delivery
Scope of the Citizen Feedback Survey on Public Services
User Satisfaction as a Core Indicator of Service Quality
Objectives of the Study
Limitations of the Study
2.Provision of Public Services in India: A Review
Drinking Water
Health Care
Road Transport
Public Distribution System
Primary Education
Assessment of the Service Delivery System
3.Approach and Methodology
Approach
Sampling and Reliability of Estimates
Reliability of Estimates
Design of the Questionnaire
Fieldwork/Data Collection Modalities
Quality Assurance
Framework of Analysis
4.State of Public Services in India
Drinking Water
Health Care
Road Transport
Public Distribution System
Primary Schools
Child Care System
5.Public Services and the Disadvantaged Sections
Variations in Service Quality Experienced by
SC/ST Communities
Variations in Service Quality Experienced in
Small Villages
Variations in Service Quality Experienced by
Very Poor Households
Summary of Findings on Services for
Disadvantaged
Sections
6.Satisfaction and Quality of Services:
Validating the Linkage
Approach to Analysis
The Analytical Model
Empirical Results
Conclusion
7.Conclusions and Policy Implications
An Inter-service Comparison
Service Delivery and the Poor
Policy Implications
References
Annexures
Annexure I: Demographic Profile of Respondents
—All India
Annexure II: Indicators for the Services
Annexure III: Detailed State Level Tables on Indicators
for the Services
Index
Promoted by Transparency International India, this book has been compiled to create awareness about the current state of governance in India and directions needed to improve governance in the country. The volume seeks to analyse the efforts made in this direction and the various tools available to the common man for availing hassle free public services one is entitled to.
...
The book is divided into four parts.
— The first part deals with the perception about governance
since time immemorial.
— Part two covers the state of governance in four major
monopolistic services, namely, the police, judiciary,
income tax and property registration, and the efforts
required to improve these services.
— Part three attempts at creating awareness amongst readers about
various tools of improving governance and means and ways to
use them. These tools include: Citizens' Charters, Right to
Information, e-Governance, Social Audits, Report Card
and Integrity Pact.
— Part four contains some exemplary initiatives to enable the
concerned quarters to replicate them in order to improve the
public service delivery system in some of the major public services.
read moreS.K. Agarwal, Ph.D. in Economics from Lucknow University, has worked in various capacities in Lucknow University, State Health and Family Welfare Department of Uttar Pradesh, and the Government of India, including a posting as a diplomat in the Indian Embassy, Tokyo (Japan). Post retirement, he has been working as an honorary volunteer in Transparency International India (TI India) and Lok Sewak Sangh, a wing of Lala Lajpat Rai's “Servants of the People Society.” He has been associated with almost all of their programmes and activities, and is working as Vice Chairman, TI India. He has authored/co-authored several publications on economic and social issues, beside numerous research papers and articles published in various periodicals and journals.
PART I
GOVERNANCE
1.Governance in Classic India
2.Chanakya: His Life and Works
3.Kautilya on Governance, Self-Discipline,
and Riches
4.Governance in India
5.Governance: Make the System Responsive
6.Transparency in Governance
PART II
GOVERNANCE IN MONOPOLISTIC SERVICES
7.Police Governance
8.Governance in Judiciary
9.Governance in Income Tax
10.Governance in Property Registration
PART III
METHODS FOR IMPROVING GOVERNANCE
11.Towards Service Delivery Excellence
12.Citizens’ Charters
13.Right to Information
14.e-Governance: Key to Improve Governance
15.Citizen Report Cards: A Strategic Tool
to Improve Service Delivery
16.Integrity Pact: Governance in Public
Procurement and Contracting
17.Improving Public Service Delivery: Initiatives
of Government of India
PART IV
SOME EXEMPLARY INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE GOVERNANCE
18.Successful Governance Initiatives
19.Police Department
20.Judiciary
21.Education
22.Electricity Services
23.Health Services
24.Public Distribution System
25.Water Supply
26.Income Tax
27.Municipal Services
28.Rural Development
Law, Liberty and Livelihood: Making a Living on the Street goes beyond mere macro-statistics and statistical controversies regarding the impact of liberalisation on the poor and endeavours to further the understanding of the processes and dynamics involved in various urban livelihoods. It documents through primary research the 'official' as well as the 'actual' regulatory and licencing processes by direct interactions with varied stakeholders. The case studies of railway porters, street vendors, small shop keepers, cycle and auto rickshaw drivers, household-based industries, as well as small school operators provide graphic details of what ails India's entry-level professionals - the bottom rung of the economic ladder from which the poor can hope to climb to economic success while providing some of the most essential services to city people.
...
The book recommends...
Create Spontaneous Order: Pursuit of urban livelihoods by the poor should not be viewed as a trade-off vis-à-vis the quality of life of urban residents. It is not a zero-sum game. The objective of urban management is not to create one correct and complete Master Plan. It will never be. The focus should be on institutions and processes through which the plans of individuals and communities would emerge and get implemented. The most fundamental question is not what decision to make but who is to make it - through what processes and under what incentives and constraints, and most importantly, with what feedback measures to correct the decision.
Exit LPQ; Enter LPG: Remove all licences, permits and quotas across the board for entry-level professions. City managers would do well to stick to the main rule of doctors: First, do no harm. Empower the poor with economic freedom - the freedom to earn an honest living in the vocation of their choice.
Apply Livelihood Freedom Test: Test all existing and new rules and regulations for their impact on the freedom to earn an honest living. Does any law restrict opportunities of any person to earn an honest living, particularly the one that requires little capital or skills? If so, then Review, Revise, or Remove. Occupational delicencing and deregulation should take priority in the agenda of the government, before embarking on massive employment generation schemes.
Decentralise Governance to Ward Committees: Change the locus of decision-making from the single municipal body to multiple wards - transfer ownership and management of public space and services to wards.
The Master Plan of every city of India should be rolled up into a bottle, corked, and thrown into the Indian Ocean. Corked, so that years later when the bottle is found, the absurdities of the Master Plan will become glaringly obvious when compared to the actual development of the city.
Jeevika: Livelihood Documentary Competition - www.jeevika.ccsindia.org - complements the research programme as part of the Law, Liberty and Livelihood Campaign of CCS. Join the livelihood freedom movement - for the sake of the poor !
"Try opening a corner grocery shop and you will find why India is Kafkaworld, not Disneyworld. License-permit raj did not die with economic reforms, it just got old and even more inefficient. Read this extremely revealing study on how market based solutions can counter the obduracy of government."
- Surjit S Bhalla
Distinguished economist, popular commentator and
Managing Director, Oxus Research and
Investments, New Delhi.
"The Indian state has failed so far to create an economy capable of providing enough jobs for the poor, and yet it believes it has the right to prevent the unemployed from exercising their right to livelihood. If this is not evil, it is hard to think what is."
- Tavleen Singh
Well-Known journalist, columnist, and
television commentator.
Parth J Shah is founder president of Centre for Civil Society, New Delhi, a think tank for public policy solutions within the framework of rule of law, limited government, and competitive markets.
Naveen Mandava is a Research Associate with the Centre for Civil Society and is also the Coordinator of the Research Internship Programme Researching Reality. He shifted from electronics to applied microeconomic research when he saw the ability of public policy solutions to influence the lives of the poor.
Contributors
Preface
TAVLEEN SINGH
Acknowledgement
PARTH J. SHAH AND NAVEEN MANDAVA
1. Introduction: Making a Living on the Street
Why Liberalisation Has Failed the Poor?
Urbanisation and Development
Intentions and Outcomes: The Law of
Unintended Consequences
Proposed Regulatory Solutions
Assumptions of Centralised Urban
Planning
A Civil Society Approach: Delicence,
Deregulate, Decentralise
2. Street Hawking: Spend to Vend
Introduction
Case Studies from Delhi
Street Hawkers outside Safdarjung
Hospital
Street Hawkers in Central Market,
Lajpat Nagar
Other Parts of the City
Conclusions from Studies in Delhi
Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
Mumbai and Ahmedabad (Maharashtra)
Vadodara (Gujarat)
Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh)
Kolkata (West Bengal)
Patna (Bihar)
Bangalore (Karnataka)
Imphal (Manipur)
Bhubaneswar (Orissa)
Guwahati (Assam)
Key Lessons from Findings All-over India
Overall Conclusions
Approaches to Deal with Street Hawking
within the Context of Delhi
Hawking and No-hawking Zones
Licencing
Micro-finance Schemes for Hawkers
The Outcome of these Policies
Reforms
Appendix A: Guidelines for Grant of Tehbazari
Appendix B: Street Hawkers: Technical Conditions
(As per Section 420, DMC Act, 1957)
3. Setting up Shop: Shopping for Legality
Trade Licence
Opening a Shop in a Commercial Area
Fate of the Application
Common Grounds on which the
Applications are Rejected
Process Time of Application
Opening a Shop in a Residential Area
Health Trade License
Regulations on Paper
Running the Shop
Master Plan of Delhi (MPD)
Registration Under Delhi Sales Tax Act
Delhi Shops and Establishments Act
Situation on Ground in Case of Enforcing
Closing Timings
Directorate of Prevention of Food Adulteration
Weights and Measures
Synopsis of the Survey Results of Shops
Conclusions
Reforms
Appendix A: List of Trades
Appendix B: Health License Trades
Appendix C : Shops: Technical Instructions
Appendix D: Maintenance of Establishment
4. Urban Land Management Plans:
Master Plan for Disaster
MPD 1962 - A Review
MPD 2001 - The Experience
MPD 2021 - Making of the Plan
A Note on Planners and Plans
Understanding the Lessons
Reforms
Conclusion
5. The Meat Market: Meeting Market Demand
Illegal Slaughtering in Delhi
Licensing of a Meat Shop
Running the Meat Shop
Number of Meat Shops in Delhi
Sanitation at the MCD Abattoir
Medical Inspection of the Animals
Transportation of Meat
Reforms
Technical Instructions: Meat Market
6. Auto Rickshaw Permits: Limited Permits,
Unpermitted Licences
Driving Licences
Certificate of Fitness
Badge for Commercial Driving
Permit for Driving Auto Rickshaw
Purchase of New Vehicles
Purchase of Second Hand Vehicles
Renting of Vehicles
Violations
Conclusion
Reforms
7. Cycle Rickshaw Licencing: Cycles of Poverty
Background of the Licencing Regime for
Cycle Rickshaws
Restriction on the Number of Rickshaws
in the City
Quantitative Limits on the Ownership of
Rickshaw Cycles
Contractors
Licences
Traffic Regulations
Penalties
Violations
Prime Minister's New Policy for Rickshaw Pullers in Delhi
Conclusion
Reforms
Delhi Municipal Corporation Cycle-Rickshaw Bye-Laws, 1960
8. Licencing of the Railway Porters: Burden
of the Badge
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Being a Coolie
I Still Love The Profession-How Do I Enter?
The Golden Arm-Badge
Transfer of Licences
Arranging Themselves to Get Work
The Business of Rate-fixing and Overcharging
Misconduct, Supervision and Suspension
Reforms
9. Opening a School in Delhi: A Learning
Experience
Opening of Primary School in MCD Area
Opening of Middle, Secondary or Higher
Secondary School
Recognition of Schools
Case Studies
Conclusions
Reforms
Circulars Regarding Essentiality Certificates
Appendix A: Application Form for Essentiality
Certificate
Appendix B: Application Form for
Recognition/Upgradation
Appendix C: Application Form for Approval
of Middle Class
Syllabus/Provisional Affiliation to Secondary
and Sr. Secondary
Appendix D: Form of Inspection Report
10. Household Based Industry: Is Big Brother
Watching?
Introduction
Procedure for Starting a Household Industry
Conditions for Household Category of Industries
Documents to be Filed with the Application
Form to Obtain MCD Licence
List of Household Industries
Fees and Charges
Trade Timings
Offences and Penalties by MCD
Changes Permissible in the Municipal
Factory Licence
Role of DPCC
Case-studies
Reforms
Appendix A: List of Industries under Household
Category
Appendix B: Example of the Technical Conditions
for Household Industry
Appendix C: Affidavit for Household Industry
More Details of the book
THE VOLUNTARY CITY assembles a rich history and analysis of large-scale, private and voluntary, community-based provision of social services, urban infrastructure, and community governance to restore the vitality of city life. Such systems provide education, transportation, housing, crime control, parks and recreation, health care, employment, and more, by being more effective, innovative, and responsive than those provided through special-interest politics-as-usual and bureaucracy.
The Voluntary City reveals how the process of providing local public goods through the dynamism of freely competitive, market-based entrepreneurship is unmatched in renewing communities and strengthening the bonds of civil society.
At the time of Independence, Gandhi said, “India lives in her villages”. Close to 60 years on, this statement is no longer true. We are already close to 30% urban, and within the next 20 years, there will be more Indians living in cities and towns than in our villages. Unfortunately, this growth has crept up on our policy-makers, who have historically been in denial of urbanisation. As a result, as India reaches the tipping point of urbanisation, we are suddenly waking up to its complex challenges, and finding our responses woefully inadequate on a number of fronts: adequate housing for the urban poor, provision of water and sanitation, public transport, environmental degradation, administrative training, and so on. The decibel levels are rising in urban India. And as more people start agitating either on the streets, or in their own minds about the state of urban affairs, there is hope that this energy can be harnessed for constructive change. One of the critical ingredients for such change is the infusion of fresh ideas on urban services.
— Ramesh Ramanathan (of the Janaagraha fame)
in his Overview to this volume
As early as 1961, Jane Jacob lamented that planners were unable to tap local knowledge. In India, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts of 1992 entailing the down-top planned development process gave us the opportunity to tap this resource. However, the top-down governmental machinery have ever since been overcautious in the inevitability of bringing Civil Society to the forefront of participatory urban growth. The Voluntary City shows us how communities can pointedly expand their collective actions in areas where governments cannot and should not get involved. This publication of handpicked articles is a must for the shelf of every scholar and decision maker in urban India striving to seek answers to the unprecedented growth all round them.
— E F N Ribeiro,
Director, Association of Urban Management
and Development Authorities, New Delhi
David T. Beito is Associate Professor at the University of Alabama. He received his Ph.D. in history at the University of Wisconsin in 1986. Professor Beito is the author of Taxpayers in Revolt: Tax Resistance during the Great Depression and From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890–1967. An urban and social historian, he has published in the Journal of Interdisciplinary History, the Journal of Policy History, the Journal of Southern History, and the Journal of Urban History, among other scholarly journals. He is currently writing a biography of Dr. T.R.M. Howard, a black civil rights pioneer, entrepreneur, and mutual-aid leader.
Peter Gordon is Professor in the School of Policy, Planning, and Development and in the Department of Economics at the University of Southern California. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1971. Professor Gordon has published in most of the major urban-planning, urban-transportation, and urban-economics journals. He has consulted for local, state, and federal agencies; the World Bank; the United Nations; and many private groups. Professor Gordon is co-editor of the journal Planning and Markets, an all-electronic refereed journal.
Alexander Tabarrok is Vice President and Research Director for the Independent Institute. He received his Ph.D. in economics from George Mason University, and he has taught at the University of Virginia and Ball State University. Papers by Dr. Tabarrok have appeared in the Journal of Law and Economics, Public Choice, Economic Inquiry, the Journal of Health Economics, the Journal of Theoretical Politics, and many other journals. He is the editor of Entrepreneurial Economics: Bright Ideas from the Dismal Science.
Paul Johnson is the author of more than 30 books, including the classic history of the
twentieth century, Modern Times, A History of the American People, The Birth of the Modern, A History of Christianity, and The Civilization of Ancient Egypt. His most recent book is The Renaissance: A Short History.
Ramesh Ramanathan, an MBA from Yale School of Management and a former Managing Director of Citibank N.A., is presently based in Bangalore. He is the founder and Campaign Coordinator of Janaagraha, a citizen movement for participatory democracy. Janaagraha’s approach is distinguished by its focus on constructive engagement with government, and an emphasis on practical patriotism and professional voluntarism. He is also the Vice-Chairman of Sanghamithra, a microfinance institution, spearheading their urban microfinance program. Ramesh is also the co-author of the book, Urban Poverty Alleviation in India. Ramesh is a member of the Bangalore Agenda Task Force, a public-private partnership initiative of the Chief Minister of the state of Karnataka.
Robert C. Arne is a Ph.D. candidate in history at the University of Chicago. He holds a master’s degree from the University of Chicago and is preparing a thesis that probes the influence of Herbert Spencer upon modern professional society
Bruce L. Benson is DeVoe Moore Distinguished Research Professor of Economics at Florida State University. He received his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University, and he has taught at Pennsylvania State University and Montana State University. Professor Benson has been an Earhart, F. Leroy Hill, and Salvatori Fellow. His research interests focus on law and economics, with emphasis on private alternatives to publicly provided law and legal services, the evolution of legal institutions, and the economics of crime. He has published over one hundred articles in scholarly journals, contributed more than thirty book chapters, and authored four books: The Enterprise of Law; The Economic Anatomy of a Drug War: Criminal Justice in the Commons (with D. Rasmussen); American Antitrust Law in Theory and in Practice (with Melvin L. Greenhut); and the Independent Institute book To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice.
Donald J. Boudreaux is Professor of Economics at George Mason University. He received his Ph.D. in economics from Auburn University and his J.D. from the University of Virginia. Professor Boudreaux has taught at Clemson University and George Mason University, and his many scholarly articles have appeared in the Southern Economic Journal, the Arizona Law Review, History of Political Economy, the Supreme Court Economic Review, and Constitutional Political Economy, among many others.
Stephen Davies is Senior Lecturer in the Department of History at Manchester Metropolitan University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of St. Andrews in 1984 and has published a number of papers on the history of crime and policing in Western Europe. He is currently at work on two books—a history of nineteenthcentury feminism and a history and analysis of the private provision of public goods in Britain from 1750 to 1850.
Fred E. Foldvary received his Ph.D. in economics from George Mason University. He has taught economics at the Latvian University of Agriculture; Virginia Tech; John F. Kennedy University (Walnut Creek, California); California State University at Hayward; the University of California at Berkeley Extension; and Santa Clara University. Professor Foldvary is the author of The Soul of Liberty; Public Goods and Private Communities, and the Dictionary of Free Market Economics. His areas of research include public finance, governance, ethical philosophy, technology, and land economics. He is currently coediting a book, Technology and the Case for Free Enterprise.
David G. Green is the Director of CIVITAS: The Institute for the Study of Civil Society. His many books include Power and Party in an English City; Mutual Aid or Welfare State (with L. Cromwell); Working-Class Patients and the Medical Establishment; The New Right: The Counter Revolution in Political, Economic and Social Thought; Reinventing Civil Society; and Delay, Denial and Dilution: The Impact of NHS Rationing on Heart Disease and Cancer (with L. Casper); among others.
Randall G. Holcombe is DeVoe Moore Professor of Economics at Florida State University. He received his Ph.D. in economics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and taught at Texas A&M University and at Auburn University prior to coming to Florida State in 1988. Dr. Holcombe is also Chairman of the Research Advisory Council of the James Madison Institute for Public Policy Studies, a Tallahassee based think tank that specializes in issues facing state governments. He is the author of eight books, including Public Finance and the Political Process; An Economic Analysis of Democracy, and The Economic Foundations of Government, and more than one hundred articles and reviews published in academic and professional journals. His primary areas of research are public finance and the economic analysis of public-policy issues.
Foreword
Paul Johnson
Overview
Ramesh Ramanathan
Contributors
1.Toward a Rebirth of Civil Society
David T. Beito • Peter Gordon •
Alexander Tabarrok
PART I - Building the Voluntary City
2.Laissez-Faire Urban Planning
Stephen Davies
3.The Private Places of St. Louis: Urban
Infrastructure through Private Planning
David T. Beito
Private Place Development: Initial Stages
Why St. Louis?
Coping with Free Riders
The Private Place as a Community
The Private Places and Land-Use Regulation
The Private Place during the Twentieth Century
4.The Voluntary Provision of Public Goods?
The Turnpike Companies of Early America
Daniel Klein
Turnpike Creation and Operation
Unprofitability
“Clear from the Beginning”
The Quest for Indirect Benefits
A Public-Goods Problem?
Turnpike Provision
Towns, Independent and Vigorous
The Cooperative Citizenry
Selective Incentives (Social Pressure, etc.)
Conclusion
5.Entrepreneurial City Planning: Chicago’s
Central Manufacturing District
Robert C. Arne
Entrepreneurial Planning in Chicago’s
Central Manufacturing District
Entrepreneurial and City Planning Compared
Conclusion
PART II - Law and Social Services in the Voluntary City
6.Justice without Government: The Merchant Courts
of Medieval Europe and Their Modern Counterparts
Bruce L. Benson
The Medieval Law Merchant
The Absorption of the Law Merchant into Royal Law
The Modern Law Merchant
The International Law Merchant
The American Law Merchant
Non-merchant Influences on the Evolution of Arbitration
Rent-a-Judge Justice
Private Courts for Non-commercial Disputes
Community Conflict Resolution
Conclusion
7.The Private Provision of Police during the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries
Stephen Davies
8.“This Enormous Army”: The Mutual-Aid Tradition of
American Fraternal Societies before the Twentieth Century
David T. Beito
Confraternities and Guilds
The Rise of Freemasonry
British Friendly Societies
American Fraternal Orders: Initial Development
The Odd Fellows: The First National Insurance Order
The National Life Insurance Order
Conclusion
9.Medical Care through Mutual Aid: The Friendly
Societies of Great Britain
David G. Green
What Services Did the Friendly Societies Provide?
Self-Reliance and Mutual Support
Character Building
Collectivism without the State
Participatory Democracy
Who Were the Members?
Equality and the “Rule of Law”
Medical Care
Traveling in Search of Work
Conclusion
10.Education in the Voluntary City
James Tooley
Education without the State, Part 1:
Nineteenth-Century England and Wales
Education without the State, Part 2: America
Education without the State, Part 3: Twenty-
First-Century India
The Federation of Private Schools Management,
Hyderabad
Why Do Poorer Parents Send Their Children
to Unaided Private Schools?
Conclusion
PART III - The Voluntary City and Community
11.Proprietary Communities and Community
Associations
Fred E. Foldvary
Heath on Proprietary Communities
MacCallum on Proprietary Communities
Civic Associations
Contractual Constitutions and Law
Community and Entrepreneurship
Conclusion
12.Contractual Governments in Theory and Practice
Donald J. Boudreaux • Randall G. Holcombe
The Theory of Local Governments
The Formation of Contractual Governments
Contractual Governments and Constitutional Rules
Some Examples of Contractual Governments
Sawgrass Players Club
Contractual Governments and Traditional Governments
Conclusion
13.Privatizing the Neighborhood: A Proposal to Replace Zoning
with Private Collective Property Rights to Existing Neighborhoods
Robert H. Nelson
The Rise of the Neighborhood Association
A Proposal: A Five-Step Process
Advantages over Zoning
From Zoning to Neighborhood Associations
The Property-Right School of Zoning
The Origins of Private Neighborhoods
Theorizing about Private Neighborhoods
A Monster Let Loose?
Neighborhood Associations in Inner-City Areas
Landowner Associations in Newly Developing Areas
Suburbanites versus Farmers
A Proposed Solution
Secession, Voting Rules, and Provision of Public Services
Dismantling a Progressive Legacy
Conclusion
14.The Case for Land Lease versus Subdivision:
Homeowners’ Associations Reconsidered
Spencer Heath MacCallum
Managing the American Subdivision
“Catch-22”
Ebenezer Howard
Multiple-Tenant Income Properties (MTIPs)
Advantages over Subdivision
Objections to the Land-Lease Community Idea
Collectivism and Private Local Government
Conclusion
PART IV - Epilogue
15.Market Challenges and Government Failure:
Lessons from the Voluntary City
Alexander Tabarrok
Public-Goods Theory and Practice
Large-Scale Development and Contracts
as Methods of Internalization
Prices and the Discovery Process
Motivational Assumptions and the
Free-Rider Problem
Law and Government as Privately
Created Public Goods
Public Goods Created by Neither Government
nor Firm
Education
The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again (?) of the
Voluntary City
Why the Public Sector Sometimes Remains
Conclusion
What Sort of Civilization Do we Want?
Vulnerability to poverty is clearly linked to the Poor’s access to primary entitlements, which in turn depends on a functioning ‘public realm’. Justice and judicial reforms are central to this. Policy-making for an efficient and citizen-oriented judiciary in India has always lacked a comprehensive approach. The ‘piece meal’ initiatives hitherto initiated never became imbedded.
...
The essays in the book articulates for the very first time for India, a wide-ranging judicial reform agenda that includes improvements in judicial governance, its linkages to economic growth, alternate dispute resolution, human resource development in the judicial branches, the use of IT, legal education, judicial and non-judicial training, and funding civil society initiatives for legal empowerment. Every essay forms a vital arm in the area of Judicial Reforms.
However, the trajectory of suggested judicial reforms echoes the classic law and development movement bypassing the legal profession, which is less by design and more by default.
read moreArnab Kumar Hazra is a staff consultant to the Asian Development Bank for the India Administration of Justice Project. He has been a Fellow with the Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, Delhi, Economic Advisor to the Embassy of the Republic of Korea and Consultant to the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), Delhi. He is a professional economist and was educated in St. Xavier’s College (Calcutta) and Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi). He has worked and published nationally and internationally in the area of legal reforms. His special interests, besides legal reforms, are in labour laws and natural resource economics.
Bibek Debroy is Secretary General, PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Delhi. He was earlier Director, Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS), Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, Delhi. He is a professional economist and was educated in Presidency College (Kolkata), Delhi School of Economics and Trinity College (Cambridge). He has worked at Presidency College (Kolkata), Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Pune), Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (Delhi), National Council of Applied Economic Research (Delhi) and as Consultant, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. He was also the Director for a project known as LARGE, set up by the Ministry of Finance and UNDP to examine legal reforms. He is the author and editor of several books, papers and popular articles and is also Consulting Editor with Business Standard. Bibek Debroy’s special interests are international trade (in particular the WTO), law reform and the political economy of liberalisation in India.
Carl Baar is Professor Emeritus, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada. He is also Adjunct Professor of Political Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Principal, Justice Development International Ltd.
Amarjit Singh Bedi is an advocate and practices in the Supreme Court of India as well as in the Delhi High Court. He has been associated as a consultant on information technology to the India Administration of Justice Project.
Laveesh Bhandari heads Indicus Analytics, an economics research firm. He completed his Ph.D. in Economics from Boston University in 1996 and his thesis received the Best Thesis in International Economics Award by EXIM Bank of India. He was also awarded the Hite Fellowship for his work on international finance. He began his career as a Consultant for Manhattan (now Brookdale) Funds, New York and joined the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi, as a Senior Economist in 1997. He has taught economics at Boston University and IIT Delhi and was also the Managing Editor of the Journal of Emerging Market Finance.
G.C. Bharuka is a former Judge of the High Courts of Karnataka and Patna. Presently he is the Chairman of the E-Committee of the Supreme Court of India, which is in charge of the project to implement ICT in the judiciary. He is the author of the book Rejuvenating Judicial System through E-Governance & Attitudinal Change. His specialisation, apart from information technology, is in the areas of intellectual property, commercial contracts, telecommunication, insurance and corporate law.
Debashis Chakraborty is Assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi. Debashis has been educated at University of Calcutta and Centre for International Trade and Development, JNU. He has earlier worked in Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS), New Delhi as a researcher.
Pavel Chakraborty is Research Associate, Global Agreements of Legislation and Trade, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi.
Kevin E. Davis is Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, USA. He joined NYU from a professorship at the University of Toronto, and works on commercial and financial law aspects of law and development and related issues of governance. He has particular expertise on Caribbean and small island economies and polities. He is co-author of a major study of these issues with Michael Trebilcock (2005), and has also written an economic analysis of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.
Robert G. Hann is an economist and criminologist who has been leading justice-related research and reform projects for over 30 years. As a Principal of Justice Development International Ltd. (JDI) and Robert Hann & Associates Limited, he is currently leading projects to evaluate the pilot family court in Trinidad and Tobago, to develop a strategic plan for the Jamaican Criminal Justice System, to evaluate an alternative model of delivering legal services in criminal cases (in Canada), to develop judicial bench books for cases with self represented accused in civil, family and criminal cases, and to assess alternative governance models for court administration. He has also worked recently in India in the areas of court performance standards, information systems and facilities.
Maja B. Micevska is a Senior Researcher at the ESCE, and a Senior Fellow at the Center for Development Research, University of Bonn. She earned her Ph.D. in Economics at Claremont Graduate University. Her main fields of research are development economics, labour economics, population economics, and the economics of transition with a special focus on transition mobilities.
Nandan Nawn is Lecturer at the WB National University of Juridical Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata. His area of interests are Environmental Economics, Development Economics and Law and Economics.
Murali Sagi is Director, Information Systems and Strategic Planning, Judicial Commission of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. He has written and published extensively on the use of information technology in the courts.
Videh Upadhyay is an advocate and practices in the Supreme Court of India. He is a former Visiting Fellow at Centre for Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and the University of California, Berkeley. He is closely associated with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Department for International Development (DFID) India in furthering the area of law reform in the country. He has also recently authored a comprehensive work titled Public Interest Litigation for the Halsbury’s Laws of India.
Barry Walsh is an international law and justice sector consultant who specialises in court and judicial administration policy development and institutional strengthening. Admitted to the bar of New South Wales in 1985, he has a diploma of law and post graduate qualifications in public sector management and change management. After a long career as a bureaucrat and court administrator in Australia, he has worked in the justice sectors of Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Nepal and India.
List of Tables, Figures and Appendices
Acknowledgements
Editors/Contributors
1.Introduction: Issues and Aspects of
Judicial Reforms in India
— Arnab Kumar Hazra and Bibek Debroy
2.What Can the Rule of Law Variable Tell
Us About Rule of Law Reforms?
— Kevin e. davis
3.Legal Structure and Economic Freedom
of States in India
— Bibek Debroy and Laveesh Bhandari
4.Justice and the Poor: Does the Poverty of
Law Explain Elusive Justice to Poor?
— Videh Upadhyay
5.Contemporary Views on Access to
Justice in India
— Justice G.C. Bharuka
6.Delays in the Administration of Justice
— Carl Baar
7.The Problem of Court Congestion: Evidence
from Indian Lower Courts
— Arnab Kumar Hazra and Maja B. Micevska
8.Legal Reform and Economic Development in India:
Case of Alternative Dispute Resolution
— Nandan Nawn
9.Pursuing Best Practice Levels of Judicial Productivity—
An International Perspective on Case Backlog and
Delay Reduction in India
— Barry Walsh
10.The Reduction of Case Backlog in the Courts:
A Framework and Strategy
— Carl Baar and Robert G. Hann
11.Driving Transformation: The Elements in
Achieving Transformation in Courts through Technology
— Murali Sagi
12.Technology and its Impact on Backlog and Delay Reduction
— Amarjit Singh Bedi
13.Crime Deterrence and the Need for Reforms:
An Analysis of Indian States
— Debashis Chakraborty, Arnab Kumar Hazra
and Pavel Chakraborty
Index
While this study essentially draws upon Indian conditions and data for analysing ageing and a few of its more critical dimensions involving socio-economic, health and public policy aspects, it may well be argued that each of these dimensions remains equally, if not more, important for many of the developing countries with transitioning demography (declining fertility and life prolongation) and liberalising economy (growing privatisation and pro-market reforms) rendering several non-market institutions void. From a thorough empirical review of the Indian situation using both the primary and secondary data sources, it has been observed that a bulk of the aged may not be able to withstand the unfolding economic realities either in India or elsewhere: they are socially at a loss because of their poor past, economically weak because of serious poverty issues, physically frail and suffer from functional dependence. They are also losing because of erosion in traditional familial values. Further, the non-elderly adults are yet to realise the need for planned ageing.
...
The study tries to build the argument that many of these issues have not been fully understood while framing public responses to ageing. The upcoming concepts underlying 'elderly involvements in development' or 'healthy and active ageing' may not therefore hold true for many. The worst affected are the elderly women.
"This book presents new empirical research on ageing in India, and maps out policy options for the welfare of the ageing population in the country. Two aspects of this research deserve special attention, especially by those in the field of geriatrics. One is the question of functional health. Until recently, we have been concentrating in bulk of our researches on nature and origin of various diseases, potential sufferers and their socio-physiological traits. Prof. Alam has however tried in his research to extend our concern by linking the diseases with the onset of functional disablement and need for long-term care. Another aspect that this research deserves serious attention is the discussion on public health and its growing role in containing the risks of post-fifties diseases. These are apart from an in-depth analysis by the author on socio-economic diversities and their health outcomes. I very much expect that the researchers in the field of socio-medical gerontology will find this study as an important reference for future research."
—A.B. Dey
Professor, Department of Medicine & Chief of Geriatric
Services, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, N. Delhi
Moneer Alam, Ph.D. in Economics from Lucknow University, is Associate Professor at the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. Dr. Alam has contributed several scholarly papers in national and international journals in areas of manpower-educational planning and forecasting, labour market issues, health financing, ageing, old age income security, and functional health. Currently, he is working on economic and health implications of ageing in India and South Asia. His more recent work under this theme is: South Asian Elderly: ADL and IADL Statuses of the Elderly In India funded by the UNFPA-Columbia University (NY, USA) joint programme on Ageing in Developing Countries.
List of Figures, Tables, Boxes and Appendices
Foreword
Preface
1.An Overview of the Issues
Introduction
The Other Side of Indian Demographics:
Fertility-Mortality Transition, Added Life
Span and Growing Changes in Age Pyramids
India Gaining the Status of Both Young
and Old
Ageing and its Emerging Issues
Public Policy Issues: Reforms, Declining Returns
to Saving and the Aged
Structure of the Study and Data Sources
2.Intra-aged Disparities and Outcomes: Some
Empirical Findings
Introduction
Profiling Intra-aged Disparities by Major States:
Some Evidence from Secondary Data Sources
Ageing and Some Unanswered Dimensions:
Data Needs and Data Availability
The Elderly and their Care Providers: A Survey
of Urban Households in Delhi
Concluding Observations
3.Assessing Ageing Issues in Times of Change: A Survey
of Households with Elderly Co-residents
Introduction
Survey Design, Population Stratums and Choice
of Study Area
Ageing Issues: Questions from the Elderly and
Non-elderly
Sample Households and their Characteristics
4.Socio-Economic Issues of the Aged
Introduction
Income Sources of the Aged: Transfer Income
versus Own Source Income
Dependency Burden and Level of Household
Expenditure
Expenditure Preferences by the Aged
Preference in Living Arrangements
Views of the Elderly on Declining Returns to Savings
Concluding Observations
5.Ageing, Functional Limitations and Public Health
Introduction
ADL Limitations and Support Needs
Risk Factors in ADL Disabilities
Ageing, Functional Disabilities and Public Health
Concluding Observations
6.Caring for the Aged and Planning for Self-Ageing:
Views of Younger Adults
Introduction
Factors Contributing towards Care for
the Elderly
Saving for Retirement and Planned Ageing
Altruism in Elderly Care
Concluding Observations
7.Public Responses to Old Age Income Security
Introduction
Income Security for the Destitute Elderly:
Emerging Issues
Income Security for Superannuating Employees:
Existing Provisions and Proposed Reforms
Ageing and the Declining Interest Rate Regime:
Is it Justifiable?
WPI Basket and the Consumption Requirements
of the Aged
Concluding Observations
8.Highlights of the Study and Areas of Policy Interventions
Highlights
Underpinnings and Structure
Major Findings
Areas of Policy Interventions
References
Index
List of IEG Publications
The publication provides a summary overview of population policies and dynamics for each of the United Nations Member and non-member States for which data are available at mid-decade for the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and for 2007.
...
The core information included in the monitoring of population policies encompasses two basic components:
Government perceptions of population size and growth, population age structure and spatial distribution, and of the demographic components of fertility, mortality and migration which affect them. For each of these variables, is the level or trend viewed as a significant policy issue, and is the prevailing level or rate of change seen as too high, too low or acceptable/satisfactory in relation to other social and economic conditions?
Government policies with respect to each variable. Is the policy of the Government to raise, lower or maintain the current level of the variable? Has the Government actively intervened to influence the variable and, if so, by what means?
This publication shows, on a country-by-country basis, the evolution of Government views and policies from 1976 to 2007 with respect to population size and growth, population age structure, fertility and family planning, health and mortality, spatial distribution and international migration. Within the context of demographic, social and economic change. The material is presented in the form of two-page data sheets: the first page contains population policy data for each country for 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2007, and the second page provides population indicators for the corresponding years.
read morePreface
Explanatory notes
Introduction
Part One. GOVERNMENT VIEWS AND POLICIES
I.POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH
II.POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE
III.FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING
IV.HEALTH AND MORTALITY
V.SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND INTERNAL
MIGRATION
VI.INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
VII.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
PART TWO. COUNTRY PROFILES
VIII.DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
A. GLOSSARY
1. GOVERNMENT PERCEPTIONS AND POLICIES
2. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
B. SOURCES
C. ORDERING THE DATA ON CD-ROM
IX.PROFILES OF NATIONAL POPULATION POLICIES
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Holy See
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia and Montenegro
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Thailand
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
United Republic of Tanzania
United States of America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Since the series was launched in 1952, the Report on the World Social Situation has served as a foundation for discussions and policy analysis of socio-economic issues at the intergovernmental level. It has served to identify emerging social trends of international concern and analyze relationships among major development issues with national, regional and international dimensions.
...
The 2005 Report continues that tradition by addressing the subject of inequality. In particular, it focuses on some of the growing inequalities that make it challenging, but all the more imperative, to reach the Millennium Development Goals. It shows us that we cannot advance the development agenda without addressing the challenges of inequality within and between countries—the widening gap between skilled and unskilled workers, the chasm between the formal and informal economies, the growing disparities in health, education and opportunities for social and political participation.
The Report identifies four areas of particular importance: addressing worldwide asymmetries resulting from globalization; incorporating explicitly the goal of reducing inequality in policies and programmes designed to achieve poverty reduction; expanding opportunities for employment, with particular attention to improving conditions in the informal economy; and promoting social integration and cohesion as key to development, peace and security.
By detailing some of the most critical issues affecting social development today, the Report can help guide decisive action to build a more secure and prosperous world in which people are better able to enjoy their fundamental human rights and freedoms. Overcoming the inequality predicament is an essential element of this quest.
Preface
Explanatory notes
Executive summary
Introduction
I.The case for focusing on inequality
Linkages between poverty eradication and
inequality
Inequality and the economic dimension
of poverty
Inequality and the socio-political dimensions
of poverty
Structural reform, the public sector and inequality
Universal access to education, health care and
social protection
Patterns of intervention
Conclusion
II.A spotlight on inequality: the informal economy
A brief overview of the informal economy
The attraction of the informal economy
Reasons for the growth of the informal economy
Linkages between the formal and informal
economies
Conclusion
III.Trends and patterns of inequality
Economic aspects of inequality
Income inequality between countries
Income inequality within countries
Poverty
Unemployment
Non-economic aspects of inequality
Health
Life expectancy
Maternal and child health
HIV/AIDS and other deseases
Hunger and malnutrition
Education
Conclusion
IV.Inequalities and social integration
Intergenerational dimensions of inequality
Consumption, inequality and social
integration
Violence and inequality
Violent crime
Armed conflict
Youth demographics
Rape and child soldiers
Domestic violence and slavery
Fostering democracy and social
integration
Conclusion
V.The changing context of development and inequality
Globalization: asymmetries and the loss of policy space
The impact of liberalization and stabilization policies on
inequality
Financial liberalization
Trade liberalization
Financing the social agenda
Official development assistance
Innovative sources of financing
Migrant remittances
The peace dividend
The role of the State and civil society
Conclusion
VI.The way forward: policies to reduce inequality
Redressing global asymmetries
Intensifying integrated strategies and policies
for poverty eradication
Guaranteeing employment opportunities for all
Fostering social integration and cohesion
Annex
The ten commitments of the World Summit for Social Development
Bibliography
Figures
I.1Policy framework: the three main pillars of social
development centred on equity and equality
I.2Relationship between life expectancy at birth and
the level of public and private health spending, 2002
III.1Evolution of income inequality among countries
III.2Per capita gross domestic product in the poorest and
richest countries, 1960-1962 and 2000-2002
III.3Inequalities in life expectancy between major world regions:
deviations of regional life expectancy at birth from that of
Australia/New Zealand, (1990-1995 and 2000-2005)
III.4Distribution of all countries according to how far their
life expectancy falls below that of Japan, 1990 and 2000
V.1Aid from all Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
donors as a percentage of gross domestic product:
the long-term trend to 2004
V.2Aid from Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
donors as a proportion of gross domestic product
V.3Social sector spending among country groupings
classified by income
V.4Defence and social sector spending in countries
with the highest defence expenditures
V.5Defence and social spending in countries with
the highest social sector expenditures
Tables
I.1Size and growth of the informal sector in selected
countries, by sex
III.1Regional per capita income as a share of high-income
OECD countries’ average per capita income
III.2Distribution of countries according to trends in Gini
coefficients for income distribution between the 1950s
and the 1990s
III.3Poverty rates for the world, major regions, and
China and India
III.4Unemployment rates, labour force growth rates and
GDP growth rates for the world and major regions
III.5Levels of under-five mortality for selected countries
and between-country inequality indices
III.6Under-five mortality for countries with the highest
and lowest rates, 1995, 2000 and 2002
III.7Immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months,
by country and selected background characteristics
III.8Differentials within and between selected countries in access
to skilled medical care at delivery for children born three years
before the survey
III.9Adults and children affected by HIV/AIDS: the world and
major regions, 2004
III.10Women living with HIV: the world and major regions, 2004
III.11Percentages of total, urban and rural household populations
with no education, by sex
III.12Inequalities in primary school enrolment: the world and
major regions, 1998 and 2001
III.13Inequalities in secondary school enrolment: the world
and major regions, 1998 and 2001
Preface
Overview
Contents
Explanatory Notes
PART ONE – SUMMARY OF THE WORKSHOP
I. ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSHOP
A. Organization
B. Objectives of the Workshop
C. Opening of the Workshop
D. Attendance
E. Election of officers
F. Recommendations of the Workshop
II. PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP
A. Overview of community e-centres in
Asia and the Pacific
B. Bridging the digital divide – the satellite solution
C. Connecting people in rural communities through
ICT: the Grameen telecom experience
D. Social capital and the network effect: implications
of China’s e-learning and rural ICT initiatives
E. Digital inclusion: public and private partnerships
F. E-learning project planning for community e-centres
G. South-east Asian needs assessment for a global open
agriculture and food university
H. Developing a business plan for community e-centres:
operations and management
I. The Rice Knowledge Bank: what is it and can
e-communities benefit?
J. Stakeholder partnerships for ICT in rural
communities
K. A survey of rural kiosks in India
L. From a small beginning to a mass movement –
National Alliance for Mission 2007: Every village
is a knowledge centre
M. Models of community e-centres for the poor
N. Economic analysis of community e-centres
for rural development
O. Local knowledge management through
community e-centres
P. Harmonizing ICT with integrated community
development: the Sarvodaya experience in Sri Lanka
Q. Conducive environments for promoting
community e-centres
R. E-health in rural communities through
community e-centres
S. Evaluation and monitoring of the performance of
community e-centres
T. Technological options for community e-centres
U. Marketing and types of services provided
through community e-centres
PART TWO – SUMMARY OF COUNTRY REPORTS
A. Bangladesh
B. Bhutan
C. Cambodia
D. China
E. Fiji
F. India
G. Indonesia
H. Mongolia
I. Nepal
J. Philippines
K. Sri Lanka
L. Thailand
M. Uzbekistan
N. Viet Nam
ANNEXES
Annex I. Workshop agenda
Annex II. List of participants
Annex III. Project proposals
LIST OF TABLES
1. Parameters of financial options,
real options and CeCs
2. Global-local knowledge matrix
LIST OF FIGURES
1. The digital divide
2. Percentage breakdown of total satellite
units by region, 2002-2007
3. Percentage breakdown of total satellite
revenues by region, 2002-2007
4. Broadband interactive bidirectional data
5. The gap between IT resources and the
available network technologies
6. E-government interactions
7. E-learning project planning for a
community e-centre
8. Connectivity and content in a
community e-centre
9. The hub and spoke model
10. Common steps in the partnering process
11. Proud kiosk operators in Tiruvallur,
Jategao and Ding Mandi
12. Kiosk hardware: n-Logue wireless access tower
solar-charged lamp and UPS, VSAT satellite
dish for connectivity
13. Structure of community information centres
14. An example of a real growth option
15. Process of establishing CeC as stage
investment
16. Computer literacy in Sri Lanka by province
17. Partners in learning
18. Videoconferencing diagnosis
19. The remote medical diagnostic kit
20. The n-Logue network
21. A remote teaching class
22. What does the farmer need?
Earlier versions of the papers in this volume were presented at the “Regional Conference on Migration and Development in Asia”, held in Lanzhou, China, 14-16 March 2005. The conference, hosted by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was organised by IOM and funded by Britain’s Department for International Development (DFID).Though there has been increasing attention paid to the potential role migration can play in fostering development, most of that attention has tended to focus on international migration. Internal migration has been somewhat neglected but is also an extremely important policy area.One of the key aims of the Lanzhou conference was to identify more effective ways to enhance the benefits of internal migration for poverty reduction and development, and how this could be complemented by strategies to ensure that migrants have decent working conditions and access to health and social services.
...ABOUT IOM (International Organization for Migration):
IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental body, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.
Acknowledgements
Foreword
Introduction
Maximizing the Benefits of Internal Migration
for Development
Executive Summary
Main Patterns of Internal Migration in Asia
Poverty and Internal Migration
Policy and Programmatic Approaches
and Good Practice
Research Needs and Means of Information
Sharing
Conclusions
Country Papers
Internal Migration in China: Linking it
to Development
Introduction
Migration: its causes, trends and patterns
Migration, poverty and development
Improving policies
Intervention in support of migrants:
good practices
Key issues
Challenges and policy considerations
Bangladesh: Internal Migration and
Pro-Poor Policy
Introduction
Poverty-migration nexus
Development policies and internal migration
Mainstreaming internal migrants in the
process of development
Policy tools to optimize benefits from
migration
Future trends, policy challenges and key
research issues
India: Internal Migration Links with
Poverty and Development
Introduction
Migration trends and patterns
Profile of migrant workers
Migration, poverty and development
interlinkages
Government legislation and policies
Intervention in support of migrants: role
of non-governmental organizations
Policy issues and recommendations
Pakistan: Internal Migration and Poverty
Reduction
Migration and poverty: setting the context
for Pakistan
Poverty and migration: literature review
Data sources /definition of migration
Migration at a glance
Institutional insights
Current policy environment
Conclusions
Viet Nam: Internal Migration: Opportunities
and Challenges for Development
The trend and characteristics of internal
migration in Viet Nam
Emerging issues of internal migration
Policy recommendations
Thematic Documentation
Internal Migration and Gender in Asia
Definition of a gender-specific approach in
internal migration
Why is the gender-specific approach essential
tointernal migration and development?
Existing data and indicators
Approaches and policies
Gaps
Questions
Internal migration of women and development
in Sri Lanka
Introduction
Gender dimension
Sources of data and methodology
Internal migration of females
Women in development
Conclusion
Internal Migration, Health and Social Protection
Background
Environment of vulnerability and migrant
health concerns
Migrant employment, living conditions
and health risks
Migrant vulnerability and risk
Abuse and exploitation of women
Psychosocial needs and mental health
Responses and programme gaps
Programme examples
Gaps in migrant health programmes
Effects of stigma and discrimination
on migrant health programmes
Investing in migrant health
Case study: HIV/AIDS in South and
North-East Asia
Background
Health and migration
Country overviews
Major findings of the seven-country study
Overriding principles that need to be adhered to in
policy/programme development
Health and social protection/China case study
Overall conclusions
Helping Migration to Improve Livelihoods in China:
Vocational Training,Development of Small Businesses
and Agribusiness and Support for those Left Behind
Education and training for rural people and
rural labour migrants
County seat and small city expansion
Diversified agricultural production
and agro-industries
Help for the left-behinds (the elderly)
Conclusion
Conference Report and Synthesis of Discussions
A review of the main key note and
country presentations
Synthesis of the Workshops
Conference general recommendations
R.K. Mishra, Senior Professor and Director, Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, is a graduate of International Management Programme, SDA Bocconi, Milan, Italy. He was a fellow of British Council and Commonwealth Secretariat, and a member of the UN International Task Force on Standards of Excellence in Public Administration. His currentinterests include: economic reforms, privatisation and restructuring, finance, poverty management and good governance.
Shulagna Sarkar, Assistant Prof-essor, Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, is a law graduate with a PhD in HRM. She has worked in the areas of CSR, baseline surveys, impact assessment and green HRM in India. Her areas of interest include: CSR, green HRM and environmental competencies.
Punam Singh, Assistant Professor, Institute of Public Enterprise, Hydera-bad, is a Management graduate from Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. Her area of research include: CSR, baseline studies, impact assessment studies and environmental management.
Preface
Section I: Corporate Social Responsibility and Legislations
1. Decoding Corporate Social Responsibility: The Global
Perspective
R.K. MISHRA • SHULAGNA SARKAR • PUNAM SINGH
2. Embedding Corporate Social Accountability Through Ruggie’s
Framework (2011): An Initiative to Plug-in the Corporate
Human Rights Contravention
DHIRENDRA K. VAJPEYI • ROOPINDER OBEROI
3.Social Auditing: An Essentiality to Effective Corporate
Social Responsibility
DILLIP KUMAR KAR
4. R&R versus Corporate Social Responsibility: A Curtain Raiser
BIBHU PRASAD MOHANTY
5. Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility
in Perspective
KIRTI CHAWLA
6. Social Auditing and Public Policy: A Mass Media
Critique
DHARMESH PUSHPA DHAWANKAR
Section II: Corporate Social Responsibility and Emerging Issues
7. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability: New Mantras
of Corporate Strategy
ARUN KUMAR RATH
8. Turning the Wheel of Social Responsibility: Towards Integrating
Corporate Social Innovation with the Corporate Social
Responsibility Agenda
TULSI JAYAKUMAR
9. Creating Shared Value for Leveraging Full Spectrum Corporate
Social Responsibility: An Emergent Deepening in Syntax of
Responsible Capitalism
ROOPINDER OBEROI
10. Ethical Business for Sustainable Development: A New
Paradigm of Corporate Social Power in Global Governance
MANOSMITA MAHAPATRA • SUBHRANSU PANDA
11. Awareness of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities
through Internal Communication Practices
SWETA SAURABH
12. Inclusiveness as a Tool for Corporate Social Responsibility:
A Perspective
KRITHIKA RAM
13.Monetising Corporate Social Responsibility Activities of
Employees: Challenges and Opportunities
A. SRIDHAR RAJ
Section III: Best Practices in Corporate Social Responsibility
14. Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and its
Outcomes of Public and Private Undertakings in India
M. JOTHI
15. Assessing Corporate Social Responsibility Practices
of Mauritian Companies
H. URDHIN • K. PADACHI • K. SEETAH
16. Corporate Social Responsibility at NMDC Limited
P. SHYAM • JIBITESH RATH
17. Making Corporate Social Responsibility Mandatory:
Where Are We Heading Towards? An Empirical Study
ANUPAM ANAND • RAJENDER SINGH SAJWAN
From UNDP’s Human Development Index to the more recent Multidimensional Poverty Index, there have been conceptualisations and frameworks towards understanding social development.However,there have not been consistent efforts by governments,multilateral agencies, NGOs and disciplinary leaders in the academia towards contextualising the different concepts and frameworks for addressing social development. This book attempts to aggregate the various strands of discourse relating to social sector development in India from the academic and practitioners’ world. Social sector issues are not limited to health,education and housing, but encompass concerns relating to agriculture, food security, rural development, gender and livelihoods. Within that broad canvass, the objective of this collection of papers is to assess the performance and analyse the challenges of social sector programmes, policies and remaining issues.
...
The essays in this volume are written by specialists in diverse fields such as agriculture, health, education, nutrition, gender, food security, agrobiodiversity,poverty, minorities, rural development and livelihoods.Several of the essays relate to the debate about economic growth andsocial development, elegantly articulated by Jean Drèze & Amartya Sen:“Why has growth not produced commensurate social development or has done so with poor results?”’ Overall, these essays attempt to bring social development to centre stage and make inclusive growth a visible reality.
R.K. Mishra, Senior Professor and Director, Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, is a graduate of International Management Programme, SDA Bocconi, Milan, Italy.
He was a fellow of British Council and Common-wealth Secretariat, and a member of the UN International Task Force on Standards of Excellence in Public Administration.
His current interests include: economic reforms, privatisation and restructuring, finance, poverty management and good governance.
Anand Akundy is currently a Senior Faculty Member at the Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad.
He was earlier Director of the Centre for Human Development and an Associate Professor at the Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), Hyderabad, during which time he directed training programmes for the Planning Commission and Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
He has also carried out several studies and has authored various chapters in edited books, project reports, and articles in journals.
List of Tables, Figures and Boxes
About the Editors / Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1.Towards Understanding Poverty in India
SRIPAD MOTIRAM | VAMSI VAKULABHARANAM
2. Challenges and Opportunities for Small Farmers
S. MAHENDRA DEV
3. Agrobiodiversity for Farming and Food
SUMAN SAHAI
4. Livelihoods and Indigenous People: A Case of Mining
Project in Odisha
M. GOPINATH REDDY | PRAJNA PARAMITA MISHRA
5. Addressing Social Sector Issues in India: A Collaborative
Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility
R.K. MISHRA | PUNAM SINGH | SHULAGNA SARKAR
6. Impact of Social Sector Expenditures by Government on Health
and Educational Attainments: An Investigation Across Indian States
BINOY GOSWAMI
7.Equitable and Inclusive Health Care in India
N.J. KURIAN
8.Patterns and Determinants of Transition in Stunting Among
Younger Children in Andhra Pradesh: An Analysis Based
on Longitudinal Data
S. GALAB | P. PRUDHVIKAR REDDY
9.High Yielding Seed for Inclusive Growth: 12 Years of
Quality Schooling for All
BHANOJI RAO
10.Gender Inequality at Work: Case of a Mining Community
PRAJNA PARAMITA MISHRA
11.Millennium Development Goals and Muslim Minorities in
India: A Status Report
SHAHEEN
12.Teaching Evaluation in South Asia: Collaboration among
Voluntary Organisation for Professional Evaluation,
Academia and Development Partner
SOMA DE SILVA | R.S. GOYAL | NAZMUL KALIMULLAH
ANAND AKUNDY
13.Converging a Wage Employment Based Anti-Poverty Programme
with Natural Resource Management: A Holistic Case Study of
the Kandhamal District in Odisha, India
HEMNATH RAO HANUMANKAR
More people today are ready to fight corruption in India’s public life than ever before. Very few, however, know what it takes to achieve corruption free governance. The causes and manifestations of corruption are multiple and complex. In the final analysis, it is actions by the state, its institutions and civil society that are critical to achieving corruption control. We need both preventive and punitive measures to successfully fight corruption.
...
This book examines the phenomenon of corruption from multiple perspectives and proposes an agenda of reform that has the potential to achieve corruption control. The contributors to this volume believe that without a major reform of India’s rather opaque and dysfunctional governance system, corruption free governance will remain a mere dream. Reform of the financing of political parties and elections, ways to minimise conflicts of interest and the capture of policymaking and regulatory regimes, redesign of service delivery systems, the scaling up of e-Governance to enhance transparency and accountability, and support to several important reforms already under way in government, are the way forward to effectively bring corruption under control.
read moreThis book, edited by Samuel Paul, provides a most comprehen-sive and in-depth survey of the rising tide of corruption in India and what needs to be done to tackle it. The subject of corruption is, of course, of great contemporary importance for the function-ing of our polity and governance. What distinguishes this book is its practical and multi-pronged approach for finding solutions to the problem. It deserves to be read by all concerned, particularly our parliamentarians and policy makers.
— Bimal Jalan
Former Governor, Reserve Bank of India, and former MP
The euphoria of the anti-corruption movement is waning. Factionalism and cynicism have made inroads, undermining most of what was gained. But the huge and complex issue of corruption remains, confronting us every day. Here is a cogent and thoughtful analysis of this hydra headed monster, and the levels at which it can be fought and slain. Individuals, groups, politicians, bureaucrats, intellectuals, and law makers, all have a role to play. And play it, we must.
— Mallika Sarabhai
Social commentator and activist
Samuel Paul, a former Professor and Director, Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad, is the founder and first chairman of the Public Affairs Centre (PAC), Bangalore, that pioneered the use of ‘citizen report cards’, a tool for social accountability. He has served as an adviser to the United Nations, World Bank and the ILO. His latest book (co-author) is The State of Our Cities (OUP, 2012).
R. Balasubramaniam
G.C. Bharuka
Subhash Bhatnagar
Bibek Debroy
Madhav Godbole
Samuel Paul
V. Ranganathan
E. Sridharan
A. Vaidyanathan
List of Tables and Figures Glossary About the Editor/Contributors Preface Samuel Paul |
|
1. | Corruption in India: An Introduction |
Samuel Paul | |
Introduction Perspectives on Corruption A Typology of Corruption The Growth of Corruption Causes of Corruption The Way Forward References |
|
2. | Reforming Campaign Finance to Tackle Corruption in India |
E. Sridharan | |
Recent International Experience in Political Finance Reform to Eliminate Corruption Current Practices in Fund-Raising by Indian Parties for Electoral and Inter-election Activities Recent Reforms in Political Finance and Attempts to Check Corruption: Perceptions of Politicians and Businessmen A Possible Reform Package References |
|
3. | Corruption in the Delivery of Public Services |
Bibek Debroy | |
Introduction: Pinning Down Corruption The Big Ticket and the Small Ticket Corruption in the Delivery of Public Services Some Data from Jharkhand The Countervailing Pressure Systemic Problems References |
|
4. | India’s Sham War against Corruption |
Madhav Godbole | |
Introduction Travails of Lokpal and Lokayukta Right to Information: A Ray of Hope Stalled Civil Service and Police Reforms Summing Up References |
|
5. | Agricultural Credit: Policies, Performance and Corruption |
A. Vaidyanathan | |
Introduction Growth Institutional Finance for Agriculture and Rural Areas Impact of the Programme: A Critical Appraisal Cooperatives Implementation Commercial Banks Conclusion References |
|
6. | Competition, Regulation and Corruption |
V. Ranganathan | |
Introduction Government-Corporate without Regulator Role of Regulator in Government-Corporate Relationship Conclusion References |
|
7. | Public Services, Citizen Engagement and Social Accountability |
R. Balasubramaniam | |
Understanding Public Services Corruption in Public Services The PDS in Karnataka: Case of a Public Service Gone Horribly Wrong The (Targeted) Public Distribution System Corruption and Leakages in the National PDS Karnataka’s PDS Corruption and Leakages in Karnataka’s PDS Inclusion and Exclusion Errors of Karnataka What Could be Done to Set Right this Mess? Food Coupons Smart Card and Biometric Combination Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) Unique Identification Public Services and Social Accountability Technology-Enabled Community Governance in the Health Sector Conclusion References |
|
8. | e-Governance: A Potent Tool to Fight Corruption |
Subhash Bhatnagar | |
Introduction e-Governance and Corruption: View in the Literature What is the Empirical Evidence that e-Governance can Help in Combating Corruption? Way Forward: Implementing e-Governance to Reduce Corruption Reducing Bribery: Recommendations Curbing Corruption with e-Governace: Agenda for the Future Conclusion References |
|
9. | Corruption in the Justice Delivery System |
G.C. Bharuka | |
Judiciary, Judicial System and its Relevance in a Given Country Judiciary Under the Indian Constitution Corruption in Judiciary Indicators and Causes of Corruption in Judiciary Corruption in Judiciary: The Indian Context Judicial Accountability and Standards Bill References |
|
10. | The Way Forward |
Samuel Paul | |
A Review of Critical Issues An Agenda for Action |
|
Bibliography |