Part -I Basic Issues in Economic
         Development        
 

                
1.Economic Development and
   Under Development

    
   – Introduction

   – What does Development
      Mean

   – Economic Growth and Economic
      Development

   – The New View of Economic
      Development

      • Development as a Multi-dimensional
         Process

      • Three Core Values of Development

   – Development, Freedom and Opportunities

   – Human Development

   – Human Development Index

      • Sustainable Human Development

      • What Makes Development
         Unsustainable?

      • Policy for Sustainable Development

   – Progress and Setbacks in Human
      Development

      • India

   – State of Human Development in
      India

      • State Level

   – Human Development and Gender
      Situation

2.The Environment and Development

   – Introduction

   – The Basic Issues

      • Sustainable Development and
         Environmental Accounting

      • Population, Resources, and
         the Environment

      • Poverty and the Environment

      • Growth versus the Environment

      • Rural Development and the Environment

      • Urban Development and the Environment

      • Global Warming and Climate Changing

   – Defining Dangerous

      • From Climate Change to Stalled
         Human Progress— The Transmission
         Mechanisms

   – The Indian Case

      • Consequences of Environmental
         Plunder

   – Public Policy

Part - II Indian Economy at Independence        

3.India’s Economy at Independence

        
   – Introduction

   – The Relative Importance of
      Various Industrial Activities

      • Composition of National Income

   – The Working Force

   – The Agrarian Scene

      • Stagnating Agriculture

      • Causes

   – India’s Industrial Production
      and its Structure

      • India’s Industrial Resources

      • The Decline of Traditional Industry
         and the Development of Modern Industry

      • Some other Economic Indicators of
         Economic Backwardness

   – Some Positive Features

Part - III Policy Regimes        
 
                    
4.Planning in India: Development 
   Strategy and Role of State    

    
   – Evolution of Planning

   – Structural Constraints and the
      Development Strategy

   – Role of the State as Visualised
      in the Fifties

   – Evolution of Strategy and
      Priorities

   – Changing Perceptions

   – Role of Planning in a Market
      Economy

   – Redefining the Role of State

   – The Government, the State and
      the Market

   – Cooperative Action

5.Economic Reform and Liberalisation    

    
   – Debate on Liberalisation

   – Economic Reform

      • The Background

      • The Macroeconomic Crisis

      • Rationale for the Reforms

      • Macroeconomic Reforms

      • Structural Reforms

   – Implementation of the Agenda

   – Removal of QRs

   – National Structural Adjustment
      Programme

   – Safety Net

      • Macroeconomic Impact of Reforms

      • Fiscal Adjustment and Stabilisation

      • Political Resistance to Reform

      • Concerns Regarding Social and
         Political Implications of Reform

      • Impact of the New Economic Policy
         on the Vulnerable Sections

      • Conclusion

   – The Next Round of Reforms

Part - IV Growth, Development and
               Structural Change        

6.India’s Growth Experience    

    
   – The Performance

   – Two Phases of Growth

   – Assessment of Performance

   – Causal Factors

   – What Next?

   – Emerging Indian Economy

      • Growth Drivers

   – Growth and Structural Change

   – Growth and Sectoral Shares,Cross
      Country Evidence and Indian Experience

      • Share of Services in GDP

   – Inter-regional Disparities in Growth
      and Development

      • Implications of Inter-state Inequality

      • Sectoral Composition of Growth

      • Causal Factors

   – Investment

            ¡ Planning and Public Investment

            ¡ Private Investment

   – Technical Change

   – Institutions and Governance

   – The Way Ahead

   – Conclusion

7.Institutional Reforms for Agricultural
   Growth

        
   – Land Systems at the Time of Independence

      • Feudal Agrarian Structure

   – Policies for Restructuring Agrarian
      Relations

      • Economic Arguments in Favour
         of Land Reform

      • Abolition of Intermediaries

      • Ceiling on Land Holdings

      • Tenancy Reforms

      • Consolidation of Holdings

      • Co-operative Farming

   – Impact of Structural Reorganisation

   – Emerging Perspectives and Policy
      Issues

   – Land Reforms: Approach Paper to
     the Eleventh Plan

8.Policies for Regulating Pattern of 
   Investment and Concentration of
   Economic Power in Industry    
    
      •Evolution of Industrial Control Regime

      •Performance of the Industrial Licensing
        System

      •New Economic Policy

9.India’s Economic Performance
   and Challenges

   – Towards Faster and More Inclusive
      Growth

   – Strengths of the Economy

   – Issues and Challenges

   – Some Major Challenges

      • Regaining Agricultural
         Dynamism

      • Changing Employment Patterns

      • Providing Essential Public Services
         for the Poor

      • Increasing Manufacturing
         Competitiveness

      • Developing Human Resources

      • Protecting the Environment

      • Improving Rehabilitation and
         Resettlement Practices

      • Improving Governance

      • Disparities and Divides

10.Unemployment and Employment
     Perspective
        

     – Population and Labour Force
        Projections

     – Concepts and Measurement

     – Recent Trends in Employment
        and Unemployment Situation

        • Labour Force and Workforce
           Participation Rates

        • Unemployment Rates by Level
           of Education

        • NSS 62nd Round on Employment
           and Unemployment

        • Employment in Organised Sector

     – Employment Trends

        • Employment Growth

        • Employment Structure

        • Increasing Casualisation

        • Employment Prospects

     – Indian Labour Laws and Labour
        Markets

     – Strategies and Policies for Employment
        Generation

        • Eleventh Plan Approach on Employment

        • Promoting Employment Generation

              ¡ Changing Employment Patterns

              ¡ Employment Generating Sectors

              ¡ National Rural Employment Guarantee
                Programme (NREGP)

              ¡ Self-Employment Programmes

11.Poverty in India    

    
     – Magnitude and Determinants

        • The Selection of Poverty Lines

        • Economic Growth and Poverty

        • What do Recent Poverty
           Studies Reveal?

        • Chronic Poverty

        • Comparison of India and China
           in terms of Poverty Reduction

        • Non-income Poverty Dimensions

     – Poverty Alleviation in Development
        Debate

     – Growth-Poverty Relationship

        • Growth, Employment and Poverty

        • Growth Pattern and Poverty

     – Poverty Alleviation Programmes

        • Programme for Socially Disadvantaged

        • Land Reforms

        • Public Distribution System

        • Self Employment Programmes

        • Wage Employment Programmes

     – Some Critical Issues in Choice of
        Programme

        • Self versus Wage Employment
           Programmes

        • Spatial Dimension and Area Focus

        • Poor in General versus Hardcore Poor

        • Public Investment in Human Capital
           and Public Goods

     – Concluding Remarks

12.Demographic Constraint: Interaction
     between Population Change and Economic
     Development

     – Economic Development and
        Population Growth

        • The Theory of Demographic
           Transition

        • The Micro Economic Theory
           of Fertility

        • How Does Population Growth affect
           Economic Development

     – Population Trends

     – Trends in Birth and Death Rates

        • Causes of High Birth Rate

            ¡ Social Factors

            ¡ Economic Factors

            ¡ Poverty

            ¡ Lack of Social Security

            ¡ Illiteracy, Ignorance and
              Belief in Fate

            ¡ Ineffective Family Planning

        • Fertility Rate

        • Causes of Decline in Death Rate

           ¡ Control of Epidemics

           ¡ Control of Famines

           ¡ Improved Medical Facilities

           ¡ Spread of Maternity Homes

           ¡ Impact of Economic Development

        • Measures to Reduce Birth Rate

        • Concerns about Population Growth

     – Gender Equity and the Demographic
        Transition

     – Population Policy since 1947

     – National Population Policy, 2000

     – Objectives of National Population Policy

     – Implications of Mortality Decline
       for the Future

     – Human Resource Development

     – Education Policy in India

     – Public Expenditure and Education Policy

     – Health Care as a Social Responsibility

        • The Experience of Kerala and
           Tamil Nadu

        • Policy Shift Essential to Check
           Population Growth

     – Tamil Nadu: The Success Story

     – Enabling Factors

Part - V Sectoral Trends and Issues        

13.Agriculture: The Problem of
     Productivity        

     
     – Importance of Agriculture in
        National Economy

        • Agriculture as a Source of Employment

        • Linkage between Agriculture
           and Other Sectors

     – Productivity in Indian Agriculture

        • Low Levels of Productivity

        • Causes of Low Productivity

     – General Causes

     – Institutional Causes

     – Technological Factors

14.Agricultural Growth, Performance
     and Policies

     – The Institutional Context

        • Economic Arguments in
           Favour of Land Reform

     – The New Technology

     – Characteristics of New Technology

        • Better Agricultural Practices

        • Economic Aspects of New
           Technology

     – Three Phases of Green Revolution

        • The First Phase, 1966-1972

        • Debacle and the Second Phase,
           1973-1980

        • The Third Phase, 1981-1990

     – Reform Period, 1991 to the Present

     – Deceleration in Agriculture Growth

        • Regional Disparities and
           Intrapersonal Disparities

        • New Technology and Environmental
           Degradation

     – Major Factors Affecting the
       Growth Potential

        • Lack of Long Term Policy Perspective

        • Neglect of Capital Formation

        • Lagging Research and Development
           Efforts

        • Technology Generation and Dissemination

        • Rising Soil Degradation and Over-
           exploitation of Ground Water

        • Degradation of Natural Resources

        • Subsidies vis-à-vis Investments
           and Farm Support Systems

        • Agriculture’s Terms of Trade and
           Farm Price Volatility

     – Irrigation

        • Post-Independence Trends

        • Uneven Access to Irrigation

        • Areas of Concern

        • Irrigation in the 11th Plan

        • Rationalising Subsidies and 
           Strengthening Input and Support
           Services

     – The National Agriculture Policy 2000

     – Rural Distress in Post-Reform India

     – Farmers’ Suicides

15.Food Security, Public Distribution and
    Agricultural Price Policy

     – Pre-green Revolution

     – Green Revolution

     – Post-reform Revolution

     – Food Management

     – Food Procurement Policy

       • Price and Distribution Controls
          in the Foodgrain Market

     – Public Distribution System
        (PDS)

     – Food Subsidy

        • Buffer Stock

     – Food Security

        • Recent Policy Initiatives

        • Diversification and Food Security

     – Towards Elimination of Hunger
        and Malnutrition

        • Hunger

        • Calorie Deprivation

        • Nutritional Security

     – The Way Forward

        • Availability

        • Stability in Supplies

        • Ensuring Access to Food

        • Nutritional Security

     – Agricultural Price Policy

 16.Globalisation and Indian
      Agriculture         

          
      – Emerging Trends and Impact
         of Globalisation

      – India and WTO

      – Implications of Trade Liberalisation
         for Agricultural Growth, Poverty,
         and Food Security

        • Agricultural Growth

        • Poverty

        • Self-Sufficiency, Food Security,
           and Related Issues

      – Major Issues in the context of Globalisation

 17.Industrial Growth and Policy
          
      – Extent and Pattern of Industrialisation
         during the British Rule

      – The Industrial Scene at Independence

      – Industrial Control Regime

        • Performance of the Industrial
           Licensing System

      – The Policy Regime in the 1990s

      – New Economic Policy

      – Opening up to Foreign Investment

      – Industrial Policy Reforms

      – Public Sector Reforms, Privatisation
         and Infrastructure

      – Industrial Growth

      – Phases of Industrial Growth

        • Industrial Growth in the 90s

        • Comparative Growth Rates in
           the 80s and the 90s

           ¡ Relative Contribution of Sectors
             to Total Production

      – Profile of Industrial Growth

        • Fall in Potential as well as Actual
           Industrial Growth

        • Shift in Favour of Registered
           Manufacturing

        • Decline in Employment Growth in
           Organised Manufacturing

        • The Stagnant Share of Manufactuing
           Sector

           ¡ The Manufacturing Slowdown

        • Factors Causing the Industrial
           Slowdown: Some Hypotheses

           ¡ Infrastructure Constraints in
             the Industrial Sector

        • Recovery in Industrial Growth
           since 2002-03

     – Outlook

     – Industrial Policy: Recent Policy Initiatives

     – Revision of IIP
 

 18.Public Sector in the Indian Economy

      – The Rationale

      – Growth in Investment in Central
         Government Enterprises

      – Performance of Public Enterprises

      – New Directions of Policy:
        1991 Industrial Policy

      – Public Enterprise Policy

        • Navratnas and Miniratnas

      – Privatisation

        • Privatisation: Indian Experience since 1991
 

 19.Small-scale Industrialisation

      – Small Industry

         • Rationale for Supporting Small-
            scale Enterprises

         • Definition of Small-scale Industries

         • Small-scale Reservation Policy

         • Spatial Distribution of SSEs

         • Impact of SSI Reservation on Exports

      – New Small Enterprise Policy

         • Small and Tiny Enterprises

         • Village Industries

      – Performance of Micro and Small
         Enterprises

      – Recent Measures

20.Role of Foreign Capital

     – Introduction

     – Foreign Capital versus Export-led
        Growth

     – The Debate on the Role of Foreign
        Capital

        • Foreign Direct Investment

        • Portfolio Capital

        • External Aid

        • Commercial Debt Capital

      – Capital Flows and Growth in India:
         The Recent Experience

        • FDI Policy: A Historical Perspective

     – First Phase 1950-1967

     – Second Phase 1967-1980

     – Third Phase 1980-1990

     – Fourth Phase–1991 Onwards

     – Trends in FDI—In the 1990s

        • Foreign Direct Investment

     – Changes in Sectoral Composition

     – Changes in the Sources of FDI

     – Pattern of FDI by Type of Approvals

     – Comparative Performance of India and China

     – Towards a Realistic FDI Policy

        • FDI Policy

21.Services in the Indian Growth Process    

    
     – Growth and Sectoral Shares, Cross
        Country Evidence and Indian Experience

        • Share of Services in GDP

        • Share of Services in Employment

     – Which Services Have Grown Rapidly?

        • Fast Growers

        • Trend Growers

        • Contribution of Fast and Trend Growers to Services Growth

     – Factors Underlying the Services Growth

        • Growth in Services Sector from 2001 to 2006-07

     – World Trade in Services Sector

        • India’s Share in World Exports

        • Structure of India’s Services Exports

        • Foreign Direct Investment in
           India’s Service Sector

        • Liberalisation of Services in India

        • India and Trade Negotiations in Services

     – Summing Up

22.The Financial Sector: Structure, Performance and Reforms    
    
     – Financial Sector Development in India

        • Institutional Structure

        • Capital Markets

        • Strategy of Development

     – Directions of Reforms

        • Administered Structure
           of Interest Rate

        • Autonomy, Prudential Regulations
           and Supervision

        • 1991 and After: The Reform Years

        • Role of Competition

        • Capital Adequacy and Government
           Ownership in the Banking Sector

     – Some Perspective for the Future of
        the Indian Financial System

     – Lessons from the Indian Experience

     – Conclusion

23.Foreign Trade

        
     – Constraints arising from Foreign Trade
        and Import Substitution based Policies

     – Inward Looking Strategy

     – Broad Trends: Exports and Imports

        • Exports

        • Imports

        • India's Merchandise Trade
           2001-02 and 2006-07

        • India’s Merchandise Imports

        • Trade Composition

        • Services Trade

        • World Trade in Services

        • India’s Services Imports

     – Special Economic Zones

     – Summing Up

     – India’s Balance of Trade

     – Causes of Unfavourable Balance of Trade

     – Large Increase in Imports

     – Modest Growth in Exports

        ¡ External Factors

        ¡ Internal Factors

     – Measures to Correct Deficit
        in Balance of Trade

        ¡ Restrictions on Imports

        ¡ Export Promotion

        ¡ Export Promotion Measures

24.Balance of Payments and Trade Policy    

    
     – Concepts

     – Trade Policy: An Overview

     – The Political Economy of the Foreign
        Exchange Regimes

     – Trade Policy since 1991

     – India’s Balance of Payment Trends
       1950-2000

        • The Decades of Fifties and Sixties

        • Balance of Payments in the Seventies

        ° A Decade of Comfort

        • Balance of Payments up to 1981-82

        • Balance of Payments during 1982-83
           to 1984-85

        • Balance of Payments during 1985-1990

        • Balance of Payments during 1993-94
           to 2005-06

     – Sustainability of Current Accounts

     – Capital Account, External Debt
        and Exchange Rate

        • Approach, Developments and Issues

     – Roadmap Towards Fuller Capital
       Account Convertibility

        • Foreign Exchange Transactions

     – Foreign Investment

        • Magnitude

        • Foreign Portfolio Investment
           (FPI)

        • NRI Deposits

     – External Commercial Borrowings

        • External Assistance, Short-term
           Credits and Non-resident Deposits

        • Utilisation of Foreign Aid

        • Management of Capital Flows

        • Impact of Reforms on BoP

     – External Debt Management

     – Foreign Exchange Reserves:
       Approach, Developments and Issues

        • Approach

        • Exchange Rate Developments

        • Rupee Appreciation and Export
           Performance

     – Exchange Rate Management

        • Transition to Market Determined
           Exchange Rate System
 

25.India and the WTO
        

     – World Trade Organization

     – India and the WTO

     – India’s Participation in WTO
        MeetingsIndia’s

     – The Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference
        at Hong Kong, (December 13-18, 2005)

     – And After (July 24, 2006)

        • WTO Negotiations and India