Acknowledgements

 

Preface

 

Introduction and Summary
 

1.The Contours of World Development
 

 

2.The Impact of Western Development on
   the Rest of the World, 1000–1950
 

 

3.The World Economy in the Second Half
   of the Twentieth Century

 

Appendix A : World Population, GDP and GDP
                      Per Capita, Benchmark Years, 1820–1998

 

 

Appendix B : World Population, GDP and GDP Per
                     Capita Before 1820

 

 

Appendix C : Annual Estimates of Population, GDP and
                     GDP Per Capita for 124 Countries, Seven
                     Regions and the World 1950–98

 

 

Appendix D : Growth and Levels of Performance in 27
                      Formerly Communist Countries, 1990–98

 

 

Appendix E : Employment, Working Hours, and
                     Labour Productivity

 

 

Appendix F : Value and Volume of Exports, 1870–1998

 

 

Bibliography

 

 

 

 

Text Tables

Table 1–1 Level and Rate of Growth of Population:
                World and Major Regions, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table 1–2 Level and Rate of Growth of GDP Per Capita,
                World and Major Regions, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table 1–3 Level and Rate of Growth of GDP:
                World and Major Regions, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table 1–4 Life Expectation and Infant Mortality,
                Both Sexes Combined, 33–1875 A.D.

 

Table 1–5a Birth Rates and Life Expectation,
                 1820–1998/99

 

Table 1–5b Average Life Expectation for
                 Groups A and B, 1000–1999

 

Table 1–5c Rate of Growth of Life Expectation
                 in Groups A and B, 1000–1999

 

Table 1–6a West European Population Levels,
                  0–1998 A.D.

 

Table 1–6b West European Population Growth
                  Rates, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table 1–7a Population Growth: Western and Iberian
                  Offshoots in Comparative Perspective, 1500–1998

 

Table 1–7b Comparative Population Growth in the
                  Americas and Former European Metropoles,
                  1500–1998

 

Table 1–7c Shipment of African Slaves to the
                 Americas, 1500–1870

 

Table 1–7d Net Migration to Brazil, Australia and
                 the United States, and from the United
                 Kingdom, 1500–1998

 

Table 1–8a Comparative Population Growth: Japan,
                  China and Western Europe, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table 1–8b Population Growth Rates: Japan,
                 China and Western Europe, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table 1–8c Urbanisation Ratios: Japan, China
                  and Western Europe, 1000–1890

 

Table 1–9a Growth of Per Capita GDP by Major
                  Region, 1000–1998

 

Table 1–9b Level of Per Capita GDP:
                 Groups A and B, 1000–1998

 

Table 1–9c Population of Groups A and B, 1000–1998

 

Table 1–9d GDP of Groups A and B, 1000–1998

 

Table 2–1 Population of the Venetian
                Empire in 1557

 

Table 2–2 Size and Carrying Capacity of Venetian
                Merchant Galleys, 1318–1559

 

Table 2–3 Population of 31 Biggest West European
                Cities, 1500–1800

 

Table 2–4 Sugar Production by Area of Origin,
               1456–1894

 

Table 2–5 Atlantic Slave Shipments by Portugal
                and Its Competitors, 1701–1800

 

Table 2–6 Number of Ships Sailing to Asia from
                Seven European Countries, 1500–1800

 

Table 2–7 Movement of Portuguese Ships to
                and from Asia, 1500–1800

 

Table 2–8 Gold and Silver Shipments from
                the Americas to Europe

 

Table 2–9 Chinese Imports of Silver by Country
                of Origin, 1550–1700

 

Table 2–10 Exports of Silver and Gold from
                  Western Europe, 1601–1780

 

Table 2–11 Chinese Naval Diplomacy: Voyages to
                  the “Western Oceans”, 1405–33

 

Table 2–12 Exchange Rates between Ming Paper
                  Currency and Silver, 1376–1426

 

Table 2–13 Commodity Composition of Brazilian
                  Exports, 1821–1951

 

Table 2–14 Confrontation of Brazilian and US
                  Economic Performance in the Five Major
                  Phases of Brazilian Development, 1500–1998

 

Table 2–15 Carrying Capacity of Dutch and Other
                  Merchant Fleets, 1470–1824

 

Table 2–16 Dutch Merchant Ships by Area of
                 Operation Around 1670

 

Table 2–17 Employment in Dutch Shipping
                  by Area of Operation, 1610–1770

 

Table 2–18a Dutch Involvement in European
                   Military Conflicts, 1560s–1815

 

Table 2–18b Size of European Armies, 1470–1814

 

Table 2–19 Dutch Commodity Trade, 1650 to 1770s

 

Table 2–20 Commodity Composition of European
                  Exports from Asia to Europe, 1513–1780

 

Table 2–21a The Dutch “Drain” on Indonesia, 1698–1930

 

Table 2–21b The British “Drain” on India, 1868–1930

 

Table 2–21c Growth of Indonesian Population and
                   Real Income by Ethnic Group, 1700–1929

 

Table 2–22a Levels of GDP Per Capita in European
                   Colonial Powers and Former Colonies,
                   1500–1998

 

Table 2–22b Growth of Per Capita GDP in European
                    Colonial Powers and Former Colonies,
                    1500–1998

 

Table 2–23 Structure of British Commodity Trade
                  by Origin and Destination, 1710–1996

 

Table 2–24 Structure of Employment in the Netherlands,
                  the United Kingdom and the United States,
                  1700–1998

 

Table 2–25a Carrying Capacity of British and
                   World Shipping, 1470–1913

 

Table 2–25b Comparative Rates of Growth of
                    British and World Shipping Capacity
                    and GDP, 1570-1913

 

Table 2–26a Gross Nominal Value of Capital
                    Invested Abroad in 1914

 

Table 2–26b Gross Nominal Value of Capital
                    Invested Abroad in 1938

 

Table 2–27 Gross Nominal Value of Foreign
                  Capital Invested in Nine Major
                  Recipient Countries, 1913

 

Table 2–28 Population of British Colonies and
                  Former Colonies in the Americas,
                  1750 and 1830 

 

Box 2–1 Social Structure of India in the
             Moghul Empire

 

Box 2–2 Indian Social Structure at the
             End of British Rule

 

Table 2–29 Population of British Territories
                  in Asia, Africa, Australia and
                  Europe in 1830

 

Table 2–30 Comparative Macroeconomic Performance
                  of India and Britain, 1600–1947

 

Table 3–1a Growth of Per Capita GDP, Population
                  and GDP: World and Major Regions,
                  1000–1998

 

Table 3–1b Levels of Per Capita GDP and Interregional
                  Spreads, 1000–1998

 

Table 3–1c Shares of World GDP, 1000–1998

 

Table 3–2a Growth in Volume of Merchandise Exports,
                  World and Major Regions, 1870–1998

 

Table 3–2b Merchandise Exports as Per Cent of GDP
                  in 1990 Prices, World and Major Regions,
                  1870–1998

 

Table 3–2c Regional Percentage Shares of World
                  Exports, 1870–1998

 

Table 3–3 Gross Value of Foreign Capital Stock in
                Developing Countries, 1870–1998

 

Table 3–4 Net Migration: Western Europe, Japan and
                Western Offshoots, 1870–1998

 

Table 3–5 Per Capita GDP Performance in the
                Three Most Successful Phases of the
                Capitalist Epoch

 

Table 3–6 Economic Characteristics of the 20
                Biggest Countries, 1998

 

Table 3–7 Western Europe and USA: Degree of
                Productivity and Per Capita GDP
                Convergence, 1950–98

 

Table 3–8 Experience of Unemployment and Inflation
                in Advanced Capitalist Countries, 1950–98

 

Table 3–9 Total Government Expenditure as Per Cent
                of GDP at Current Prices, Western Europe,
                the United States and Japan, 1913–1999

 

Table 3–10 Stock of Foreign Assets and Liabilities,
                  the United States, Japan, Germany and
                  the United Kingdom, 1989–98

 

Table 3–11 Growth in Volume of Merchandise Imports
                  and Ratio of Imports to GDP, Western Europe,
                  Japan and the United States, 1950–98

 

Box 3–1 Impact of Recent Revisions on Measurement
             of Level and Growth of US GDP, 1929–98

 

Table 3–12 Indices of Share Prices in National
                 Currencies, Japan, USA and Western
                 Europe, 1950–99

 

Table 3–13 Exchange Rates: Units of National
                 Currency per US Dollar, Japan and
                 Western Europe, 1950–99

 

Table 3–14 Variations in Per Capita Growth Momentum:
                  Resurgent Asia in Comparative Perspective,
                  1913–99

 

Table 3–15 Characteristics of Growth Performance
                  in Resurgent Asia, 1950–99

 

Table 3–16 Stock of Foreign Direct Investment, Total
                  and Per Capita, Major Countries, Regions
                  and World, 1998

 

Table 3–17 Annual Percentage Change in Real GDP Per
                 Capita, Japan and Resurgent Asia, 1997–99

 

Table 3–18 Exchange Rates: Units of National
                  Currency per US Dollar in Asian
                  Countries, 1973–99

 

Table 3–19 Pre and Post Crisis Savings as PerCent
                 of GDP in Five East Asian Countries, 1990–98

 

Table 3–20 Per Capita GDP Performance in Six
                  Problem Economies of East Asia,
                  1950–98

 

Table 3–21 World Production of Crude Oil
                  and Natural Gas, 1950–99

 

Table 3–22 Latin American Economic
                  Performance, 1870–1999

 

Table 3–23 Per Capita Growth Performance
                  in Former USSR and Eastern Europe,
                  1950–98

 

Table 3–24 Changes in Production and Consumption
                  in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, 1990–98

 

Table 3–25 Per Cent of Population in Poverty in
                 Former USSR and Eastern Europe,
                 1987–88 and 1993–95

 

Table 3–26 Annual Average Rate of Change in
                 Consumer Prices: Former USSR and
                 Eastern Europe, 1990–98

 

Table 3–27 Illiteracy Rates in Africa in 1997

 

Table 3–28 Variations of Income Level
                  Within Africa, 1998

 

Table 3–29 Degree and Duration of Per Capita
                  Income Collapse in 13 Biggest African
                  Countries South of the Sahara

 

Table 3–30 Total External Debt of Africa, Asia,
                  Latin America, Eastern Europe and
                  former USSR, 1980, 1990 and 1998

 

Table 3–31 Arrears on External Debt in Africa
                 and Other Continents, 1980–98

 

 

Figure 1–1 Population of Western Europe:
                 Confrontation of Two Millennia

 

Figure 1–2 Annual Movement in Swedish Birth
                 and Death Rates, 1736–1987

 

Figure 1–3 Comparative Population Levels in
                 the Three Biggest Countries of the
                 Americas and their Former European
                 Metropoles, 1500–1998

 

Figure 1–4 Comparative Levels of GDP Per
                 Capita: China and West Europe,
                 400–1998 A.D.

 

Figure 1–5 Comparative Levels of GDP Per
                 Capita: China and the United Kingdom,
                 1700–1998

 

Figure 1–6 Comparative Levels of GDP Per Capita:
                 China and the United States, 1700–1998

 

Figure 3–1 Binary Confrontation of US/Japan,
                 US/European Per Capita GDP Levels,
                 1950–98

 

Figure 3–2a Binary Confrontation of Japan/East
                  Asian Per Capita GDP Levels, 1950–99

 

Figure 3–2b Binary Confrontation of Japan/East
                   Asian Per Capita GDP Levels, 1950–99

 

Figure 3–3 Binary Confrontation of US/Latin
                 American Per Capita GDP Levels,
                 1950–98

 

Figure 3–4 Binary Confrontation of US/African
                 Per Capita GDP Levels, 1950–98

 

 

 

Appendix Tables

Table A–a Coverage of the GDP Sample and the
                 Proportionate Role of Proxy Measures,
                 1820–1998

 

Table A–b Nature of the PPP Converters Used to
                Estimate Levels of GDP in “International”
                Dollars for the Benchmark Year 1990

 

Table A–b Nature of the PPP Converters Used
                in Maddison (1995a)

 

Table A–c Confrontation of Maddison (1995a)
                and Present Estimates of Regional and
                World Population and GDP, 1820–1990

 

Table A–d The Impact of Border Changes
                 in Germany, 1820–1998

 

Table A–e Population and GDP: 13 Small
                West European Countries, 1950–98

 

Table A–f GDP and Population in the Successor
                Republics of Former Yugoslavia, 1990–98

 

Table A1–a Population of European Countries, the
                  Former USSR and Western Offshoots,
                  Benchmark Years 1820–1998

 

Table A1–b GDP Levels: European Countries, the
                   Former USSR and Western Offshoots,
                   Benchmark Years 1820–1998

 

Table A1–c Levels of GDP Per Capita in European
                 Countries, the Former USSR and Western
                 Offshoots, Benchmark Years 1820–1998

 

Table A1–d GDP Per Capita Growth Rates in European
                  Countries, the Former USSR and Western
                  Offshoots in Five Phases of Development,
                  1820–1998

 

Table A1–e GDP Growth Rates in European Countries,
                  the Former USSR and Western Offshoots in
                  Five Phases of Development, 1820–1998 

 

Table A1–f Population Growth Rates in European
                 Countries, Former USSR and Western
                 Offshoots in Five Phases of Development,
                 1820–1998

 

Table A1–g Derivation of 1990 Benchmark Levels of
                  GDP in “International” Dollars: 22
                  OECD Countries

 

Table A1–h Derivation of 1990 Benchmark Levels
                  of GDP in “International” Dollars: Five
                  East European Countries and the USSR

 

Table A–g GDP and Population in 21 Small
                Caribbean Countries, 1950–98

 

Table A2–a Population of 44 Latin American
                  Countries, Benchmark Years,
                  1820–1998

 

Table A2–b GDP Levels in 44 Latin American
                  Countries, Benchmark Years, 1820–1998

 

Table A2–c Levels of GDP Per Capita in 44 Latin
                  American Countries, Benchmark Years,
                  1820–1998

 

Table A2–d GDP Per Capita Growth Rates in 44 Latin
                  American Countries, in Five Phases of
                  Development 1820–1998

 

Table A2–e GDP Growth Rates in 44 Latin American
                  Countries, in Five Phases of Development,
                  1820–1998

 

Table A2–f Population Growth Rates in 44 Latin
                 American Countries, in Five Phases of
                 Development, 1820–1998

 

Table A2–g Derivation of 1990 Benchmark Levels of
                  GDP in “International” Dollars: 18 Latin
                  American Countries

 

Table A–h India: GDP, Population and Per Capita GDP,
                Annual Estimates, 1820–1998

 

Table A–i Reconstitution of Japanese GDP by
                Industry of Origin, 1874–90

 

Table A–j Japan: GDP, Population and Per
               Capita GDP, Annual Estimates, 1820–1998

 

Table A–k Population and GDP in 19 Small
                East Asian Countries, 1950–98

 

Table A–l Arab and Jewish Population and
               GDP in Palestine and Israel, 1922–50

 

Table A–m Proxy Entries to Fill Holes in GDP
                 and GDP Per Capita Dataset for
                 1870 and 1913

 

Table A3–a Population of 56 Asian Countries,
                  Benchmark Years, 1820–1998

 

Table A3–b GDP Levels in 56 Asian Countries,
                   Benchmark Years 1820–1998

 

Table A3–c GDP Per Capita in 56 Asian Countries,
                  Benchmark Years, 1820–1998

 

Table A3–d GDP Per Capita Growth Rates in 56
                  Asian Countries, in Five Phases of
                  Development, 1820–1998

 

Table A3–e GDP Growth Rates in 56 Asian Countries,
                  in Five Phases of Development, 1820–1998

 

Table A3–f Population Growth Rates in 56 Asian
                 Countries, in Five Phases of Development,
                 1820–1998

 

Table A3–g Derivation of 1990 Benchmark Levels of
                  GDP in International Dollars for 15
                  East Asian Countries

 

Table A3–h Derivation of 1990 Benchmark Levels
                  of GDP in International Dollars for
                  Five East Asian Countries

 

Table A3–i Derivation of 1990 Benchmark Levels of
                 GDP in International Dollars for Three
                 West Asian Countries

 

Table A4–a Population of 57 African Countries,
                  Benchmark Years, 1820–1998

 

Table A4–b GDP Levels in 57 African Countries,
                  Benchmark Years, 1820–1998

 

Table A4–c GDP Per Capita in 57 African
                  Countries, Benchmark Years,
                  1820–1998

 

Table A4–d GDP Per Capita Growth Rates in 57
                  African Countries, in Five Phases of
                  Development, 1820–1998

 

Table A4–e GDP Growth Rates in 57 African
                  Countries, in Five Phases of Development,
                  1820–1998

 

Table A4–f Population Growth Rates in 57 African
                 Countries, in Five Phases of Development,
                 1820–1998

 

Table A4–g Alternative Estimates of 1990 GDP Level
                  by ICP and PWT in 24 African Countries

 

Table B–1 Alternative Estimates of the Regional
                Components of World Population, 0–1700 A.D.

 

Table B–2 Population of Western and Eastern Europe
                and Western Offshoots, 0–1820 A.D.

 

Table B–3 European and Asian Population of
                Russia, 0–1870 A.D.

 

Table B–4 Ethnic Composition of Brazilian
                Population, 1500–1870

 

Table B–5 Alternative Estimates of Latin
                American Population, 0–1820 A.D.

 

Table B–6 Alternative Estimates of Indian
                Population, 0–1820 A.D.

 

Table B–7 Alternative Estimates of Japanese
                Population, 0–1820 A.D.

 

Table B–8 Population of Asia, 0–1820 A.D.

 

Table B–9a Alternative Estimates of African
                  Population, 0–1950 A.D.

 

Table B–9b Regional Distribution of African
                  Population, 0–1820 A.D.

 

Table B–10 World Population, 20 Countries
                   and Regional Totals, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table B–11 Rates of Growth of World Population,
                  20 Countries and Regional Totals, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table B–12 Shares of World Population, 20 Countries
                  and Regional Totals, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table B–13 Regional Components of British GDP,
                  Population and GDP Per Capita, 1500–1920

 

Table B–14 Urbanisation Ratios in Europe and Asia,
                  1500–1890

 

Table B–15 Ethnic Composition of US Population,
                  1700–1820

 

Table B–16 Ethnic Composition of Latin American
                  Population in 1820

 

Table B–17 Japanese Cereal Production and Per
                  Capita Availability, 1600–1874

 

Table B–18 World GDP, 20 Countries and
                  Regional Totals, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table B–19 Rates of Growth of World GDP,
                  20 Countries and Regional Totals,
                  0–1998 A.D.

 

Table B–20 Shares of World GDP, 20 Countries
                  and Regional Totals, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table B–21 World GDP Per Capita, 20 Countries
                  and Regional Totals, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table B–22 Rates of Growth of World GDP Per Capita,
                  20 Countries and Regional Totals, 0–1998 A.D.

 

Table C1–a Population of European Countries, Former
                  USSR and Western Offshoots, Annual
                  Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C1–b Levels of GDP in European Countries, Former
                  USSR and Western Offshoots, Annual Estimates,
                  1950–98

 

Table C1–c Levels of Per Capita GDP in European Countries,
                  Former USSR and Western Offshoots, Annual
                  Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C2–a Population of Latin American Countries,
                  Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C2–b Levels of GDP in Latin American Countries,
                  Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C2–c Levels of Per Capita GDP in Latin American
                  Countries, Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C3–a Population of Asian Countries, Annual
                  Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C3–b Levels of GDP in Asian Countries,
                  Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C3–c Levels of Per Capita GDP in Asian
                  Countries, Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C4–a Population in 57 African Countries,
                  Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C4–b Levels of GDP in 57 African Countries,
                  Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C4–c Levels of Per Capita GDP in 57 African
                  Countries, Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C5–a World Population by Regions,
                  Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C5–b World GDP by Regions, Annual
                  Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C5–c World Per Capita GDP by Regions,
                  Annual Estimates, 1950–98

 

Table C6–a Year to Year Percentage Change in
                  World Population, by Regions 1950–98

 

Table C6–b Year to Year Percentage Change in World
                  GDP Volume, by Regions 1950–98

 

Table C6–c Year to Year Percentage Change in World
                  Per Capita GDP, by Regions 1950–98

 

Table D–1a GDP in East European Countries,
                  1990–99

 

Table D–1b Population in East European
                  Countries, 1990–99

 

Table D–1c GDP Per Capita in East European
                  Countries, 1990–99

 

Table D–2a GDP in Successor Republics of
                  Former Yugoslavia 1990–98

 

Table D–2b Population in Successor Republics
                  of Former Yugoslavia, 1990–99

 

Table D–2c GDP Per Capita in Successor Republics
                  of Former Yugoslavia, 1990–98

 

Table D–3a GDP In Successor States of Former
                  USSR, 1990–98

 

Table D–3b Population in Successor States of
                  Former USSR, 1990–98

 

Table D–3c GDP Per Capita in Successor States
                  of Former USSR, 1990–98

 

Table D–4 Confrontation of OECD and Maddison
                 Estimates of 1990 Real GDP Levels in 15
                 Successor States of the Former Soviet Union

 

Table E–1 Total Employment in Europe, Japan and
                 Western Offshoots, 1870–1998

 

Table E–2 Total Employment in Latin America
             and Asia, 1950–98 

 

Table E–3 Annual Hours Worked Per Person
                Employed, 1870–1998 

 

Table E–4 Total Hours Worked, 1870–1998

 

Table E–5 GDP Per Person Employed in Europe,
                Japan and Western Offshoots, 1870–1998

 

Table E–6 GDP Per Person Employed in Latin
                America and Asia, 1950–98

 

Table E–7 Labour Productivity (GDP Per Hour Worked),
                1870–1998

 

Table E–8 Rate of Growth of GDP Per Hour Worked,
                1870–1998

 

Table E–9 Levels of GDP Per Hour Worked, 1870–1998

 

Table E–10 Annual Hours of Work Per Head of
                  Population, 1870–1998 

 

Table E–11 Employment in Europe, Japan and Western
                  Offshoots, as Per Cent of Population,
                  1870–1998

 

Table E–12 Employment in Latin America and Asia,
                  as Per Cent of Population, 1950–98

 

Table F–1 Value of Merchandise Exports at Current
                Prices (56 Countries), 1870–1998

 

Table F–2 Value of Merchandise Exports at Constant
                Prices (35 Countries), 1820–1998

 

Table F–3 Value of World Exports by Region at
                Constant Prices, 1870–1998 

 

Table F–4 Rate of Growth in Volume of Merchandise
                Exports, 11 Countries and World, 1870–1998

 

Table F–5 Merchandise Exports as Per Cent of
                GDP in 1990 Prices, 11 Countries and
                World, 1870–1998