In presenting an updated review of the employment and labour market situation with clarity and analytical rigour this Report will be invaluable to government, policy makers and experts. It will facilitate in realizing the objective of high, sustainable and equitable growth which India has set for itself, for the creation of remunerative, productive and decent employment as the most effective means of achieving this goal.
— Rashid Amjad  Director,
    Graduate Institute of Development Studies,
    Lahore School of Economics and Former Chief Economist,
    Pakistan Planning Commission.

Recent employment trends in India raise many momentous issues—the sluggish growth of real wages, the continued exclusion of women, and the limited reach of workers’ organizations, among others. This Report will be of great value in bringing these issues closer to the centre of attention in economic policy, public debates and democratic politics.
— Jean Drèze
    Honorary Professor, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi.

To understand labour worldwide, we must understand India, with its huge growing workforce, many self-employed or working in the informal sector. The India Labour and Employment Report offers an invaluable picture of the Indian labour scene. I learned much from this edition and look forward to future editions. Required reading for labour and development specialists.  
— Richard Freeman
    Herbert Ascherman Professor of Economics,
    Harvard University, Massachusetts, USA.

This excellent Report presents comprehensive and well organized information on labour and employment in India, as well as a balanced discussion of achievements and policy challenges. It will prove essential reading for researchers and policymakers alike.
— Ravi Kanbur
    Professor of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

The fact that most Indians still work in low-productivity occupations at very low incomes and lack access to social protection poses major challenges for the country’s development… By carefully disaggregating the diverse experience of working Indians, the Report identifies areas for action that could make economic growth more inclusive and distribute opportunity more broadly.
— Sandra Polaski
    Deputy Director General, International Labour Office, Geneva.

Based on latest data, the India Labour and Employment Report succinctly brings out the emerging pattern of labour market outcomes and challenges of employment. Its emphasis on creating more employment in the organized sector and enhancing the productivity and income of workers in the unorganized sector will facilitate the gradual formalization of the workforce—a dire need of the country. The Report will be very useful for all those concerned and engaged with the inclusive development agenda.
— Abhijit Sen
    Member, Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi.

The India Labour and Employment Report is a landmark undertaking. It collects together diverse information on the state of Indian labour markets… Its emphasis on the development of the manufacturing sector as being the key to economic develop-ment of the country, is particularly welcome—as is the stress on inclusive growth. It’s a must-read addition to the literature on labour economics in the Indian context.
— Ajit Singh
    Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Cambridge, UK.

The Institute for Human Development (IHD), a leading centre for studies on labour markets, livelihoods and human development, aims to contribute to the building of a society that fosters and values and inclusive social, economic and political system, free from poverty and deprivations. Towards achieving its goal, it engages in analytical and policy research, teaching and training, academic and policy debates, networking with other institutions and stakeholders, and publication and dissemination of the results of its activities. The major themes of current work of IHD are: growth and employment; education and capabilities; health and nutrition; gender and development; security and vulnerability; governance and institutions.

The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE) is a broad-based professional association of researchers, scholars and other stakeholders interested in the areas of labour and development issues. The Society promotes scientific studies of labour markets, industrial relations and related issues and provides a forum for exchange of ideas and dissemination of knowledge. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, a quarterly Journal of the Society, now in its 56th year of publication, is peer reviewed and widely-circulated, promoting and featuring scientific studies on labour issues.

ILO

IILS

Editorial

1. Employment, job quality and social
    implications of the global crisis

    Main findings

    Introduction 

A. Employment trends

B. Job quality

C. Impact of the crisis on poverty and income inequality

D. Better jobs for a better economy

Appendix A. Country groupings by income level

Appendix B. Determinants of non-standard
                    employment: An empirical analysis

Appendix C. The impact of crises on employment:
                    An empirical analysis

References

2. Employment protection and industrial relations:
    Recent trends and labour market impact

    Main findings

    Introduction

A. Labour market institutions: Overview
    of the literature and recent trends

B. Assessing the labour market effects of changes
    in employment protection regulations and
    collective bargaining

C. Policy considerations 

Appendix A. Empirical analysis

Appendix B. Recent changes in labour
                   legislation and collective bargaining 

References

3. Fiscal consolidation and employment growth

    Main findings 

    Introduction

A. Debt dynamics and ongoing fiscal
     consolidation efforts 

B. Employment effects of fiscal consolidation:
    Austerity versus socially-responsible approaches

Appendix A. Fiscal policy, expenditure and revenue
                    composition and the effect on employment:
                    An empirical analysis

References 

4. Investing in a sustainable recovery

    Main findings

    Introduction

A. Global investment and employment
     trends

B. Drivers of investment

C. Policy considerations

Appendix A. Empirical analysis of
                    investment dynamics

References

Recent publications

Caroline Brassard has been teaching Development Economics and Statistics at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, at the National University of Singapore since 2002. She obtained a B.A. in Mathematics-Economics at the University of Montreal, an M.A. in Economics at the University of Toronto, and a Ph.D. in Economics from the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. She began her career as an economist for the Government of Ontario and quickly moved into the field of international development. Over the next 10 years, she under-took research and long-term consultancy work on poverty reduction strategies for several international non-governmental organisations, including UNICEF in Madagascar, CARE in Bangladesh and Save the Children in Vietnam. Caroline taught empirical analysis techniques for business and economics at the University of London, and obtained a professional accreditation for teaching in higher education. Her current research focuses on the impact of the transitional process towards a market economy in Vietnam, on income distribution, poverty and inequality and more recently, on the development strategy being implemented in Bhutan.

Sarthi Acharya is currently Director, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur (India). He has earlier been on the faculty of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Bombay. He has been a visiting scholar at Boston University in the US, the Institute of Social Studies in the Netherlands, and the Agricultural University at Bogor (Indonesia). He has also been Research Director at the Cambodia Development Resource Institute, and Employment Specialist with the International Labour Organization. He has been a consultant with the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, UN-ESCAP, UNDP and the Mauritius Research Council as well as to various agencies of the Government of India. He has published extensively in academic and professional forums. His main areas of interest are labour and development studies.

Mukul G. Asher teaches Applied Public Sector Economics at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, at the National University of Singapore. Mukul Asher has taught or researched in Australia, Malaysia, Sweden, India and the USA. He has held visiting positions at several institutions, including with the Fiscal Affairs Department of The International Monetary Fund, and Harvard Institute for International Development. He specialises in public finances of developing countries, social security arrangements in Asia and economic cooperation among nations. He has published several books and numerous articles in international journals. His most recent book (with Avijit Gupta) is entitled Environment and Developing World, published by John Wiley, London 1998. He has acted as a consultant to the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, UN-ESCAP, Oxford Analytica, the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore), the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research, Singapore’s Trade Development Board and others. He was a member of the ASEAN-India Expert Group on Trade and Investment Relations in 1994–95.

      
     
Sean Cooney is Senior Lecturer and Associate Director (Taiwan) in the Faculty of Law at the University of Melbourne. He is also a member of the Asian Law Centre. He has studied at the University of Melbourne, Columbia University and National Taiwan University. He also spent several years as a lawyer practising mainly in the areas of employment and administrative law. His research interests are international and comparative labour law, with a focus on Asia, and Chinese law. He is currently working on new approaches to improving international working standards and is participating in an ongoing research project involving leading employment law scholars from Japan, Europe and the United States. He has published articles in major refereed law journals in the United States, China and Australia, such as the Comparative Labour Law and Policy Journal and Bijiaofa Yanjiu. He currently teaches Contracts, Chinese Law, Democracy at Work, and Issues in Trans-national Labour Regulations.

Suzanne Jamieson is a Fellow of the Senate of the University, an advocate for the National Pay Equity Coalition before the NSW Industrial Relations Commission and Australian Industrial Relations Commission, and the Director of the Celtic Studies Foundation, University of Sydney. She is a member of the University of Sydney Staffing Committee (a committee of the Academic Board) and was an Executive Member, University of Sydney branch, National Tertiary Education Union until 1999. In 1998, she was appointed to the Operations Review Committee of the Independent Commission against Corruption, the NSW Anti-discrimination Board and Deputy Chair of the NSW Nurses Tribunal. Her main research areas are in equity in the workplace and she is currently involved in a major project, which look at international comparisons in the area of gender, occupational health and safety law. In addition, she has an extraordinary involvement within the University and the broader community.

      
      
    
Lucita Lazo is the Regional Programme Director of UNIFEM East and Southeast Asia Regional Office. She has extensive experience working in the UN system, as an independent consultant, and more recently for the government of the Philippines. Prior to joining UNIFEM in April 2003, Lucita was Director General of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority then Under-Secretary of the Department of Labour and Employment in Manila. From 1988 to 1996 she was the Chief Technical Officer of ILO’s Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Lucy has an M.A. in Psychology from the University of the Philippines, where she taught for 10 years. 

Chris Manning is the Head of Indonesia Project and Senior Fellow, in the Division of Economics, Research School of Pacific Studies, at The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra. He has been at ANU for the past 13 years, and prior to that spent extended periods of teaching and research in Indonesia at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta in the 1970s and 1980s, where he worked in the Population Studies Centre and Faculty of Economics, and at the Agricultural Research Institute in Bogor. He also worked for six years in Asian Studies and the Population Studies Programme at Flinders University (1985–1991). More recently (2001–2002) he spent 16 months working as a consultant to the National Planning Agency, Bappenas in Jakarta on leave from the ANU and funded by USAID. His specialist academic interest includes labour economics and labour policy, with a regional interest in East Asia and particularly Indonesia. He has recently been working on international labour migration issues in East and Southeast Asia, especially with reference to the movement of temporary workers within the region.

Pundarik Mukhopadhaya is a lecturer at the Department of Economics at Macquarie University. He obtained an honours and a master’s degree in economics from Delhi University in India and a Ph.D. from the University of New South Wales in Australia. His current research interests include income distribution before and after the crisis in Indonesia; gender disparity in income; World Bank grants and development in third world countries; regional disparity in Australia; a stochastic dominance analysis and health, inequality and economic development in East Asian economies.

         
     
Haruka Urata is a Japanese pension expert and consultant at Towers Perrin Tokyo. He is an advisory member of the Japan Pension Research Council, an organisation bringing together researchers of various fields in order to generate debate on key issues of retirement benefits and corporate pensions. His work focuses on retirement benefits and corporate pensions in the period of drastic change, following the burst of the Japanese economic bubble.

      
     
Noriyuki Takayama teaches Economics and Social Security at Hitotsubashi University. Prior to joining Hitotsubashi University, he has worked as Assistant Professor in Economics at Musashi University, Tokyo. He is currently engaged in micro-data analyses of Japan’s ageing and declining population. His particular interest is in the economics of pensions. He is also the Director General of a five-year research project on intergenerational equity that began in October 2000, the main theme of which is setting options for fair distribution of well-being among different generations. He has been a consultant on social security pensions for the World Bank, the European Commission, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Asian Development Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

List of Tables, Figures, Boxes, Annexes and Annex Tables

List of Acronyms

1. Introduction

1.1 Rationale, Research Questions
      and Objectives of the Study

1.2 Focus of Study

1.3 Analytical Framework and Data

1.4 Limitations and Distinctive
      Features of the Study

1.5 Structure of the Report

2. Trade Liberalisation and Employment:
    A Review of Theory and Evidence

2.1 Trade Liberalisation: Employment Creator
      or Destructor

2.2 Impact of Trade Liberalisation on
      Wage Inequality

2.3 Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Bangladesh
      Economy: Evidence from Studies 

3. Trade Liberalisation in Bangladesh:
    Phases, Pace and Sequence.

3.1 Brief History of Trade Liberalisation
      in Bangladesh

3.2 Phases and Pace of Trade Liberalisation

3.2.1. Tariff Reform Indicators

3.2.2. Trade Related Indicators

3.2.3. Policy Related Indicators

3.3 Sequencing of Trade Liberalisation

3.3.1 Import Policies

3.3.2 Export Policies

3.3.3 Industrial Policy

3.4 Comparison with Rest of the World

3.5 Summary

4. Impact of Trade Liberalisation in Bangladesh at
    the Aggregate Level: An Analysis of LFS Data

4.1 Problems with LFS and CMI Data

4.2 Dynamics and Structural Changes in the
      Labour Market during Various Phases of
      Trade Liberalisation

4.3 Status of Employment

4.4 Unemployment and Underemployment

4.5 Gender Dimension of Employment:
      Female Participation Rate (FPR)

4.6 Real Wage Index and Labour Productivity
      Index at Aggregate Level 

5. An Analysis of Employment Situation in the
    Manufacturing Sector

5.1 Trade Reforms, ERP and Production Performance

5.2 Trade Reforms, Manufacturing Employment
      and Output

5.3 Analysis of Public and Private Enterprises

5.4 Profile of Manufacturing Sector at 2-Digit
      Level and Employment

5.5 Employment Scenario for Labour-intensive
     and Export-oriented Industries

5.6 Extent of Tariff Liberalisation for Pooled,
      Labour-intensive and Export-oriented Industries 

6. Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Labour Demand
    and Growth in the Manufacturing Industries of
    Bangladesh: An Econometric Investigation

6.1 Estimation of Production Function in the
      Manufacturing Industries of Bangladesh

6.1.1 The Model

6.1.2 Variables and Data Description

6.1.3 Estimation Strategy

6.1.4 Discussion on Results

6.2 Labour Demand Function

6.2.1 Background and Literature Review

6.2.2 The Model

6.2.3 Data, Variables and Estimation Strategy

6.2.4 Analysis of the Regression Results

7. Trade Liberalisation and Sectoral Labour
    Demand in Bangladesh: A Computable
    General Equilibrium Analysis

7.1 Methodology

7.1.1 The Bangladesh Social Accounting Matrix 2005

7.1.2 The CGE Model for Bangladesh Economy

7.2 Simulation Set-ups

7.2.1 Setting Up the Full Liberalisation
         Scenario

7.2.2 Setting Up the Partial Liberalisation
         Scenario

7.2.3 Setting Up the Rationalised
         Liberalisation Scenario

7.3 Simulation Outcomes

7.3.1 Macroeconomic Effects

7.3.2 Impact on Sectoral Prices and Output

7.3.3 Impact on Sectoral Labour Demand

7.4 Conclusion

8. Summary of Results and Policy Implications

References

Index

ILO

Acknowledgements

Executive summary

1. The macroeconomic outlook is deteriorating

    The global economy has been weakening rapidly

    Short-term outlook

    Forces acting over the medium term

    Scenarios and policy responses

2. Global labour market situation

    Unemployment and labour force participation

    Employment and labour productivity

    Working poverty and vulnerable employment 

    A grim outlook for global labour markets

3. Regional economic and labour market developments 

    Developed Economies and European Union

    Central and South-Eastern Europe (non-EU) and CIS

    Latin America and the Caribbean

    East Asia

    South-East Asia and the Pacific

    South Asia

    Middle East

    North Africa

    Sub-Saharan Africa

4. Policy options for growth with jobs

    A recap of jobs lost to the crisis

    A worsening youth employment crisis

    The global prospects for jobs

    Macro policy options to promote growth with jobs

Bibliography 

Annexes

1. Global and regional tables

2. Projections

3. Regional figures 

4. Note on global and regional estimates

5. Note on global and regional projections

Bibek Debroy is Director of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, New Delhi. He is a professional economist and was educated in Presidency College (Calcutta), Delhi School of Economics and Trinity College (Cambridge). He has worked at Presidency College (Calcutta), Gokhale Institute of Politics and Econo-mics (Pune), Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (Delhi), National Council of Applied Economic Research (Delhi) and as Consultant, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. He was also the Director for a project known as LARGE, set up by the Ministry of Finance and UNDP to examine legal reforms. He is the author and editor of several books, papers and popular articles and is also Consulting Editor with Financial Express. Bibek Debroy’s special interests are international trade (in particular the WTO), law reform and the political economy of liberalisation in India. He has been listed in many bibliographies and has been a member of several government committees.

Laveesh Bhandari, completed his Ph.D. in Economics from Boston University, USA in 1996. He received the Exim Bank Best Thesis in International Economics award in 1996. Previously he was awarded the Hite Fellowship for his work on International finance. He has taught economics at Boston University and IIT Delhi and was also the Managing Editor of the Journal of Emerging Market Finance. He worked on Industry and Infrastructure development issues at NCAER between 1996 and 2000 and since has been leading socio-economic research at Indicus Analytics.

The Friedrich Naumann Foundation:

    
The Friedrich Naumann Foundation is a German non-profit institution primarily engaged in the strengthening of democratic and pluralist development both in the industrialised and the developing world. The Naumann Foundation has its activities spread over in more than 80 countries across the world.
The Friedrich Naumann Foundation promotes the principle of freedom in human dignity, both in Germany as well as abroad together with its partners — through political education, political advice and political dialogue. The Foundation has the following objectives :

To sensitise people on political issues and motivate them to get involved.
To provide liberal answers to the burning issues of the day, and to incorporate new findings and experiences — including those from other cultures — into liberal solutions.
To strive for cooperation in development through free international trade and through helping to establish free and responsible civic societies in developing countries.

To work towards worldwide victory of human and civil rights.
Wherever freedom, democracy and rule of law are just beginning to gain a foothold, the Friedrich Naumann Foundation is particularly called upon to lend its expertise and assume responsibility. As the only liberal organisation of its kind worldwide, the Foundation is active in many countries of the world, helping to lay the foundation for a future in freedom that bears responsibility for coming generations.

In South Asia, where the political situation is characterised by the sharpest of contrasts, the Foundation faces some important challenges to accompany and support the distinct endeavours to move from feudalistic structures to democracy. The Foundation offers advice and training for people in positions of leadership. Liberal solutions are worked out for the problems of the region through workshops and studies. The Foundation always works in collaboration with local partners and active organisations operating in the national and regional level of South Asia.

The Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS):        
The Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS), New Delhi is part of the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and functions as a think tank. The target audience of the RGICS includes parliamentarians, legislators and representatives of political parties, public policy makers and their advisers, the intelligentsia, the media and various interest groups. To interface with these groups, RGICS uses different modes of communication like books, monographs, working papers, symposia, discussions, talks and lectures. The RGICS research work is focused on international economic relations, law reforms, IT and economic reforms in India.

Preface

List of Acronyms

1.Introduction

   LAVEESH BHANDARI & PEEYUSH BAJPAI

   Background
   Business Failure and Bankruptcy

2.Small-Scale Industries – An Overview

   DEBASHIS CHAKRABORTY

   Introduction

   Ownership Structure

   Trends in Major Characteristics

   Efficiency and Investment

   A Cross-State Perspective

   Industrial Sickness

   The Question of Reviving SSIs
 

3.Case Studies and Inferences

   PEEYUSH BAJPAI

   Brief Description of Case Studies

   Inferences from the Case Studies

   The Specific Culprit(s) / Issues

   Conclusion
 

4.Incipient Sickness : A Closer Look

   B. YERRAM RAJU

   'Beginning with Sickness'

   'Beginning of Sickness'

   Incipient Sickness :Contributing Factors and Remedies

   Further Recommendations
 

5.Credit Availability to Small-Scale Sector

   DEBASHIS CHAKRABORTY

   The Credit Provisions

   A Literature Survey of Various Committee Reports

   Reports to Improve the Market Scenario
 

6.An Economic-Legal Perspective

   BIBEK DEBROY

   Introduction

   A Legal Review

   The Insolvency Laws and their Failure
 

7.Insolvency Procedures

   PEEYUSH BAJPAI

   Insolvency Procedures in Other Countries

   Issues in Design of Insolvency Law
 

8.Conclusion : The Way Forward

   PEEYUSH BAJPAI
 

Appendix 1 : A Partial List of Laws Governing SSI
                    Payments of Dues

Appendix 2 : RBI Guidelines & GBIFR

Appendix 3 : The Questionnaires

Appendix 4 : PERT Analysis

Appendix 5 : Principles and Guidelines for Effective
                    Insolvency and Creditor
                    Rights Systems

UNITED NATIONS 

Foreword

Preface 

Acknowledgements

Executive summary 

Explanatory notes
     

Towards an Impartial, Professional and Responsive Public Service

Introduction

     
I.The globalization of public sector reform

  The changing role of public administration

  Traditional public administration

  Public management

  Responsive governance

  Emerging issues

  The resilience of traditional civil service values

  Public administration: responsive to whom?

  Responsiveness to politicians

  Responsiveness to citizens and customers

  Towards a new synthesis
 

II.Human resource management and government performance

   Why HRM matters

   The importance of merit-oriented HRM policies

   Government as a “model employer”

   HRM reform: “starting from where you find yourself”

   Reform requires sound political diagnosis

   Leadership commitment is necessary
 

III.Socio-economic challenges facing HRM

     Demographic changes

     Shortage of skilled labour 

     Labour migration 

     Potential benefits of labour migration 

     HIV/AIDS 

     Managing in an HIV/AIDS environment
 

IV.The mixed results of HRM reform

     Structural adjustment and downsizing

     New public management: lessons learned

     Outsourcing: a double-edged sword

     Performance-related pay: an unwarranted
     panacea?

     NPM: more than a doctrine

     Leap-frogging: a possibility?

     Labour relations in the public service

     Diversity management

     Gender imbalance

     Accommodating diversity
 

V.Managing people as a strategic resource

   Adopting a holistic approach to reform

   Building an effective HRM institutional
   framework

   Legal and regulatory reform

   Central government: assigning the HRM
   leadership role

   Central and line agencies: establishing the
   division of HRM responsibility

   Professionalizing human resource
   management

   HRM units: towards strategic specialization 

   Competence frameworks: setting the
   standard for performance 

   Merit-based appointment: getting the
   best person for the job 

   Developing a pay policy: attracting and
   retaining talent 

   Performance management and appraisal:
   supporting and developing staff

   Rightsizing: getting staffing back on track 

 
VI.Promoting organizational learning in
    the public service

    Organizational culture: changing
     mindsets 

    Compliance: a virtue turned vice 

    Organizational learning: a people-
    centred framework

    Strategic areas to promote organizational
    learning 

    Improve knowledge-sharing and management 

    Promote mentoring programmes for staff 

    Enhance the analytical capacity of
    government 

    Strengthen the career development system 

    Leadership as the facilitator of learning 

    Technical summary: Public sector performance,
    prestige and promotion

    Public sector performance

    Prestige of a public sector career 

    Promotion to high-level political posts
 

Bibliography

Boxes

1.Information and communication
   technologies

2.UN/DESA analysis of government
   performance

3.Political discretion in reform—Benin

4.Old age, new challenges—China

5.Pension reform for a sustainable
   future—Brazil

6.Turning brain drain into brain
   gain—Philippines

7.Stemming the brain drain—South Africa

8.The impact of HIV/AIDS on the
   public service—Malawi

9.Outsourcing public services: the National
   Health Service—United Kingdom

10.Performance-related pay: if you fail to
    prepare, you prepare to fail—Mauritius

11.The Public Service Modernization Act
     —Canada

12.The role of ICTs in facilitating
     decentralized HRM—Cameroon

13.A voluntary retirement scheme—India

14.Rightsizing the right way—Uruguay

15.Developing a shared vision—Germany

16.Leading by example—Namibia

Figures

1.Driving and restraining forces in Moroccan reform

2.Ten developing countries with highest emigration
   rates of highly educated people to OECD
   countries, 1999–2001

3.Ten largest developing-country recipients
   of remittances, 2002

4.Ten developing countries with largest ratios
   of remittances to GDP, 2002

5.Ten developing countries with highest proportion
   of adults living with HIV, 2003

6.Ten developing countries with the most
   adults living with HIV, 2003

7.Central government expenditure on wages
   in 49 developing countries, 1980–1999

8.Decision-makers one level below that of minister
   in the central administration of 30 European
   countries, by gender, 2004

9.Decision-makers two levels below that of minister
   in the central administration of 30 European
   countries, by gender, 2004

Scatter plots

1.Bureaucratic quality and merit

2.Integrity and merit

3.Bureaucratic quality and salary

4.Integrity and salary

5.Prestige and new public management

Tables

1.Three models of public administration

2.Six forms of accountability

3.Approaches for different stages
   of HRM reform

4.Composition of Chad’s civil service, 2002

5.Selected HRM features of the three
   models of public administration

6.Responsibility for HRM in central
   government agencies

7.A competence framework for HRM

8.Selected pay-scale compression
   ratios, 1991–2003

9.Wages and salaries in federal
   versus unitary states

Bibek Debroy is Director of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS), Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, New Delhi. He is a professional economist and was educated in Presidency College (Calcutta), Delhi School of Economics and Trinity College (Cambridge). He has worked at Presidency College (Calcutta), Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Pune), Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (Delhi), National Council of Applied Economic Research (Delhi) and as Consultant, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. He was also the Director for a project known as LARGE, set up by the Ministry of Finance and UNDP to examine legal reforms. He is the author of several books, papers and popular articles and has been Consulting Editor with Business Standard and Financial Express. He has been a member of government - appointed committees and has been listed in several biographies. He is presently a Member of the National Commission for the Promotion of Enterprises for the Small-Scale and Unorganised Sector and the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council.

P.D. Kaushik is a Fellow at the RGICS. He is an engineer, MBA and Ph.D. During his Ph.D., he was awarded Jawahar Lal Nehru Fellowship. He has wide experience of industry and academics. He was also associated with consultancy work for the FAO, Commonwealth Secretariat and World Bank. He is a visiting faculty at leading business schools in Delhi. He has publications on policy issues emerging from electronic commerce and WTO. He has co-authored two books on the WTO.

Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS), New Delhi is part of the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and functions as a think tank. The target audience of the RGICS includes parliamentarians, legislators and representatives of political parties, public policy makers and their advisers, the intelligentsia, the media and various interest groups. To interface with these groups, RGICS uses different modes of communication like books, monographs, working papers, symposia, discussions, talks and lectures. The RGICS research work is focused on international economic relations, law reforms, IT and economic reforms in India.

Friedrich Naumann Stiftung is a German non-profit institution primarily engaged in the strengthening of democratic and pluralist development both in the industrialised and the developing world. The Naumann Foundation has its activities spread over in more than 80 countries across the world.

The Friedrich Naumann Foundation promotes the principle of freedom in human dignity, both in Germany as well as abroad together with its partners - through political education, political advice and political dialogue. The Foundation has the following objectives :

To sensitise people on political issues and motivate them to get involved.
To provide liberal answers to the burning issues of the day, and to incorporate new findings and experiences - including those from other cultures - into liberal solutions.

To strive for cooperation in development through free international trade and through helping to establish free and responsible civic societies in developing countries.

To work towards worldwide victory of human and civil rights.
Wherever freedom, democracy and rule of law are just beginning to gain a foothold, the Friedrich Naumann Foundation is particularly called upon to lend its expertise and assume responsibility. As the only liberal organisation of its kind worldwide, the Foundation is active in many countries of the world, helping to lay the foundation for a future in freedom that bears responsibility for coming generations.

In South Asia, where the political situation is characterised by the sharpest of contrasts, the Foundation faces some important challenges to accompany and support the distinct endeavours to move from feudalistic structures to demo-cracy. The Foundation offers advice and training for people in positions of leadership. Liberal solutions are worked out for the problems of the region through workshops and studies. The Foundation always works in collabora-tion with local partners and active organisations operating in the national and regional level of South Asia.

Bibek Debroy
Director, Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, New Delhi.
      

Arnold Packer
Chairperson, SCANS-2000 Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
     

Amir Ullah Khan
Fellow, India Development Foundation, Gurgaon.
     

C.S. Venkataratnam
Professor, Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad.
     

Arnab K. Hazra
Fellow, Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, New Delhi.
     

Surendra Nath
Addl. Chief Secretary (Agriculture), Government of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal.
     

T.C.A. Anant
Professor, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi.
      

H. Mahadevan
Dy. General Secretary,All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), New Delhi.
      

D. Shyam Babu
Fellow, Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, New Delhi.
      

P.D. Kaushik
Fellow, Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, New Delhi.
      

Amaresh Dubey
Associate Professor, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong.
      

Veronica Pala
Lecturer, St. Anthony's College, Shillong.
      

Eugene D. Thomas
Professor, North-Eastern Hill University, (NEHU), Shillong.

Robert Kyloh

Preface

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

     The road to peace

     Law and order concerns

     Rise of the anftu

     Improving industrial relations

     National policy priorities

1.2 Methodology

Case studies: Union activists

1.3 Key objectives

2. The politics of labour .

2.1 Introduction

2.2 History of modern Nepal

      Beginnings of industrial relations

      One-party panchayat system

      Trade unions’ role in the push for
      democracy

      Introduction of labour legislation

      Deterioration of industrial relations
      environment

      Developments since 2000

3. The concerns of capital .

3.1 Labour legislation

      Main labour law restrictions

3.2 Enterprise survey

     Assessing the influence of legislation
     on investment and growth

     The most serious concerns

     Lack of skilled workers

     The impact of strikes

     The labour laws and how
     restrictions are overcome

     Absenteeism and workplace discipline

     Wages and labour costs

     Low productivity

3.3 How to improve the Labour Act

      Clarify ambiguities

      Adjust the wage structure

      Reform the Bonus Act 

3.4 Summary 

4. The complaints of labour .

4.1 Case studies 

      Working conditions 

      Employment security 

      The lure of working abroad

4.2 Union leaders’ key areas of concern 

     Social security

     Labour legislation evasion and
     inadequate enforcement

     Permanent employment status

4.3 Labour institutions

     The Labour Office

     The Labour Court

     Tripartite institutions in Nepal

4.4 Summary

5. From insurgency to industrial conflict .

5.1 The upsurge in strikes and demonstrations

5.2 The ANFTU campaign

      Three-tier minimum wage structure

      Regularization of employment contracts

     ANFTU tactics

     The ANFTU moves into the mainstream

     Repercussions of the ANFTU campaign 

5.3 The industrial relations environment

      Promoting workers’ rights and
      economic development

5.4 Summary

6. International organizations and the
    Nepalese labour market .

6.1 The World Bank 

      The 2003 Trade and competitiveness
      study

      The World Bank’s change of position 

      The World Bank’s Doing Business reports

      World Bank warnings

6.2 The IMF

6.3 The ADB: A distinctive perspective

6.4 The ILO: An integrated approach to reform

6.5 The need for policy coherence

6.6 Summary

7. Recent attempts at reforming labour
    legislation and labour market institutions .

7.1 Nepal’s Tenth Plan

7.2 The labour ordinance of 2006 

      Triangular employment relationships

      New regulations for SEZs and EPZs

      Obstacles to strikes

      Withdrawal of the Labour Ordinance

7.3 SEZs

7.4 Backdoor ban on strikes

7.5 Restarting labour market reforms

7.6 Summary

8. The relationship between economic
    trends and industrial relations .

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Trends in economic growth and the
      way they correlate with labour legislation
      and labour market institutions

     Background

     Growth levels

     Patterns in agricultural and non-
     agricultural sectors

     Trends in imports and exports

     Stabilization and structural adjustment
     programme

     The impact of reforms

     Reasons behind Nepal’s economic decline

8.3 Trends in investment and the way they
      correlate with labour legislation and labour
      market institutions

      Investment pattern since 1990

8.4 Summary

9. Employment and incomes .

9.1 Labour market trends

      Labour force participation rates

     Underemployment

     Employment by sector

9.2 Working poor, income inequality and poverty

      ILO estimates of working poor

      NLSS estimates of inequality and poverty

      The rise in remittances

9.3 Wages, productivity and the labour
      share of output

      Wage trends

      Productivity and labour costs

      Rigid labour laws versus wage flexibility

10. Conclusions and policy recommendations

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The case against radical labour
        market deregulation

10.3 The way forward

       Trade unions

       Labour legislation and labour
       market institutions

       Social security reform

       Need for clarity and policy coherence

Appendix I: Chronology of key political and industrial
                   relations events in Nepal 

Appendix II: Enterprise survey questionnaire: Investment,

                  growth and decent work, Nepal 2006

Appendix III: Technical note concerning the costs of selected

                   basic social protection benefits in Nepal 2007–2034

References

Index

Nikolai Rogovsky 

 Emily Sims

The International Labour Organization was founded in 1919 to promote social justice and, thereby, to contribute to universal and lasting peace. Its tripartite structure is unique among agencies affiliated to the United Nations; the ILO's Governing Body includes representatives of government, and of employers' and workers' organizations. These three constituencies are active participants in regional and other meetings sponsored by the ILO, as well as in the International Labour Conference — a world forum which meets annually to discuss social and labour questions.

Over the years the ILO has issued for adoption by member States a widely respected code of international labour Conventions and Recommendations on freedom of association, employment, social policy, conditions of work, social security, industrial relations and labour administration, among others.

The ILO provides expert advice and technical assistance to member States through a network of offices and multidisciplinary teams in over 40 countries. This assistance takes the form of labour rights and industrial relations counselling, employment promotion, training in small business development, project management, advice on social security, workplace safety and working conditions, the compiling and dissemination of labour statistics, and workers' education.

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction

1.Social management in action

Case 1. SAS Institute: A company of
            the future?

Case 2. BANTAI Industries: People-centred
            policies in the textiles industry

Case 3. Adidas: Social management and
            business success
 

2.Attracting high-quality workers

Case 1. Yazaki-Torres Manufacturing, Inc. (YTMI):
            Equal opportunity as a core management
            strategy

Case 2. Walgreens: Tapping into the pool of
            workers with disabilities

Case 3. Eskom non-discriminatory recruitment
            policy: People with HIV/AIDS

Case 4. L&T: An integrated approach to recruitment
                     and retention

                     ILS pertaining to recruitment
 

3.Non-discrimination

Case 1. Miles, Inc., Pharmaceutical Division

Case 2. The Grey Revolution at B&Q

Case 3. Deloitte and Touche: The Initiative for
            the Retention and Advancement of Women

            ILS concerning non-discrimination in the
            workplace

 
4.Working conditions

   1.Occupational safety and health

Case 1. Creation Windows, Inc.: A
            proactive approach to safe work

Case 2. Dow Chemical: Investing in the future

Case 3. Health of South African workers:
            How companies respond to the HIV/
            AIDS challenge

           ILS concerning safe work

   2.Working time

Case 1. Reduction of overtime in the Asian
            footwear industry

            ILS pertaining to working time
 

5.Human resource development

Case 1. HRD strategy in the Mexican
            clothing industry

Case 2. General Motors in Mexico

Case 3. La Fragua, S.A.

Case 4. Job enrichment of a teller position
            in a bank-holding company

Case 5. SATS Security Services: Improving
            workers’ skills through job rotation

Case 6. Sheraton in Singapore

Case 7. AES: A decentralized company
            with global values

Case 8. Delco-Remy

Case 9. Cascade and Burger King: Training
            as a recruiting and retention device

Case 10. Marriott International: Benefits
              of pre-employment training

Case 11. Thorn Lighting

              ILS pertaining to human
              resource development
 

6.Labour relations: Freedom of association, collective
   bargaining and employee participation in decision-making

   1.Freedom of association and collective bargaining

Case 1. Southwest Airlines: How good labour
            relations can contribute to the bottom line

Case 2. NUMMI: You only live twice

Case 3. Crown Zellerbach Corporation

Case 4. Trinidad Cement Limited: A case of
            successful collective bargaining driven
            by international competition

Case 5. Alcan Jamaica Limited: Collective bargaining
            combined with tripartism

Case 6. St. Vincent Electricity Company (VINLEC):
                  Enterprise turnaround through collective bargaining

                 ILS concerning recognition of unions and collective
                 bargaining

   2.Employee participation in the decision-making process

Case 1. Achieving corporate success through an employee
            involvement programme at Trimo Trebnje

Case 2. PSS World Medical: Employee involvement
            – Firing the boss

Case 3. Natura Company in Brazil

            ILS concerning employee participation

7.Layoffs and downsizing

Case 1. Levi Strauss

Case 2. South African Breweries

Case 3. Two responses to the collapse of
            the dotcom sector

            ILS concerning termination of employment
 

8.Child and forced labour

Case 1. Pranda Jewellery public company
            limited, Thailand

Case 2. Mabrouc/Prem Group partnership in India

            ILS concerning child and forced labour
 

Conclusion

Annex: List of international labour standards referred to

Bibliography

Bruce E. Kaufman is Professor of Economics and Senior Associate of the W.T. Beebe Institute of Personnel and Employment Relations at Georgia State University in Atlanta, GA. He has written or edited fourteen books and numerous scholarly articles on labor economics, industrial relations, and human resource management. His book “The Origins and Evolution of the Field of Industrial Relations in the United States” won the 1992 Richard Lester prize for "Best Book in Labor Economics and Industrial Relations". Professor Kaufman is past president of the University Council of Industrial Relations and Human Resources Programs (US) and is currently co-chair of the IR Theory and IR as a Field Study Group of the International Industrial Relations Association.

"Kaufman's book is a tour de force. It is a thoughtful and analytical history of the evolution of international and comparative industrial relations as a field of study. It is an insightful overview of the links between industrial relations and institutional economics and a passionate (and in my view correct) argument for why we need to maintain and strengthen these linkages. It will be an extremely valuable resource as we take up the challenges facing our field today and tomorrow."

Thomas A. Kochan 
Professor, MIT Sloan School of Management, 
Institute for Work and Employment Research, USA

“This is the best work ever written on the historical development of industrial relations.”
Tadashi Hanami 
Professor Emeritus, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan

“… an indispensable source of knowledge for anyone interested in the field of industrial relations, in the work of the ILO and in the activities of the       IIRA.”

Manfred Weiss
Professor, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany

“... this is a book worth reading ... more than a compendium ... it is comprehensive. There can be no doubt that Kaufman has read and internalized virtually all of the field’s early literature (at least that is written in English) and that he has provided an excellent synthesis of the work.”

Industrial & Labor Relations Review
Cornell University, ILR School, USA

Foreword

Preface

Abbreviations

Introduction: The road ahead

1.The roots of industrial relations

2.The birth and early development of
   industrial relations: North America

3.Early industrial relations in Europe: The
   United Kingdom, the ILO and the IRI

4.American industrial relations in the
   golden age

5.The institutionalization of industrial relations
   in Australasia, Canada and the United Kingdom

6.The IIRA: Taking the industrial relations
   field global

7.Industrial relations in the United States:
   Challenges and declining fortunes

8.Modern industrial relations in Australasia,
   Canada and the United Kingdom

9.Industrial relations in continental Europe

10.Industrial relations in Africa, Asia and Latin America

11.The IIRA and contemporary industrial
     relations: Promoting global dialogue

12.Industrial relations: Retrospect and prospect

References

Index

The International Labour Organization was founded in 1919 to promote social justice and, thereby, to contribute to universal and lasting peace. Its tripartite structure is unique among agencies affiliated to the United Nations; the ILO's Governing Body includes representatives of government, and of employers' and workers' organizations. These three constituencies are active participants in regional and other meetings sponsored by the ILO, as well as in the International Labour Conference — a world forum which meets annually to discuss social and labour questions.

Over the years the ILO has issued for adoption by member States a widely respected code of international labour Conventions and Recommendations on freedom of association, employment, social policy, conditions of work, social security, industrial relations and labour administration, among others.

1.Introduction
 

2.Freedom of Association

   Bernard Gernigon, Alberto Odero
   and Horacio Guido
 

3.Collective Bargaining

   Bernard Gernigon, Alberto
   Odero and Horacio Guido
 

4.The Abolition of Forced or
   Compulsory Labour

   Max Kern and Carmen Sottas
 

5.Equality of Opportunity and Treatment
   in Employment and Occupation

   Constance Thomas and Yuki Horii
 

6.Protection of Children and Young Persons

   Ricardo Hernández-Pulido and Tania Caron
 

Glossary
 

Bibliographical References and Internet Sites

CONTENTS OF THE CD-ROM :    

• Conventions
•  
• Recommendations
•  
• Constitution
•  
• Standing Orders
•  
• Declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work
•  
• General Surveys
•  
• Handbook of procedures
•  
• Digest of decision of the CFA
•  
• Publications
•  
• Report Forms

Ajit K. Ghosh

Nomann Majid

Chiristoph Ernst

Acknowledgements

1.INTRODUCTION 

• Appendix 

2.WORLD LABOUR FORCE STRUCTURE
   AND ITS EVOLUTION

• Structure and characteristics

• The main trends 

• Future outlook 

3.GLOBALIZATION IN AN UNEQUAL
   WORLD

• Asymmetric distribution of productive
   resources

• Capital flows and investment in developing
   countries

• Labour flows and supply of labour and skills
   in developing countries

4.PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT IN
   DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

• The nature of employment and unemployment
   in developing countries 

• Assessing the employment situation in
   a developing country  

• The current state of employment

• Recent trends 

• Economic growth and employment 

• Employment effects of capital inflow
   and trade growth 

• Policy challenges

5.THE EMPLOYMENT–POVERTY INTERFACE
   IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES  

• Reducing global poverty 

• Did poverty decline in the 1990s? 

• Economic growth and poverty reduction 

• The employment–poverty interface

• Trade growth and the poor 

• Policies for poverty reduction 

6 .PERSISTENT EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS
    IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 

• Employment and unemployment in
   developed countries 

• Persisting trends 

• Finding explanations

• The labour market reforms of the
   1990s and their effects 

• Policies for the future

7.SYSTEMIC TRANSITION AND JOB CRISIS
   IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN
   COUNTRIES

• The current state of employment 

• Recent trends

• Explaining the trends 

• Policy challenges

8.EMPLOYMENT DRIFT IN COUNTRIES OF
   THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT
   STATES 

• Overall employment situation and its evolution 

• Identifying the drivers 

• Policy perspective

9.A SUMMING-UP

References

Index

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR, 2002 

1.Terms of Reference

        
2.Introductory Review

        
3.Industrial Development and Progress
   After Independence    

    
4.Impact of Globalisation

        
5.Approach of Review of Laws    

    
6.Review of Laws    

    
7.Unorganised Sector

        
8.Social Security    

    
9.Women & Child Labour

        
10.Skill Development

        
11.Labour Administration

        
12.Other Matters    

    
Appendix.    

    
Content of CD-ROM        
        

   
1.Introductory Review

  An Overview

  Economic Growth

  Iron & Steel Industry

  Textile Industry

  Productivity in Iron & Steel Industry

  Plantation Industry

  Welfare of Workers

  Coal Mining

  Construction Industry in India

  Role in Economy

  Size of Employment

  Profile of Construction Labour

  Wage Revision

  Wages and Working Conditions

  Mining Industry

  Coal Mining

  Non-Coal Mines

  Safety and Health

  Construction Technology

  Demographic Trends

  Shift in the Structure of  Output

  Unemployment

  Industrial Structure of Workforce - Employment Status

  Salary/Wage in Steel Industry

  Health, Safety and Working Conditions

  Chemical Industry

  Non Coal Mines

  Wages and Conditions of Service

  Welfare of Workers in Mines

  Nature of Industry

  Living and Working Conditions

  Trade Union Movement

  Labour Force

  Employment Level

  Industry Profile

  Global Impact on Iron &

  Steel Industry

  Structure of Industry

  Construction Labour

  Employer Organisation

2.Industrial Development and Progress
   After Independence

   Industrial Policy and Incentives
   since 1974

   Protection to Indian Industries

   Investment in Infrastructure

   Training and Skill Development

   Scientific Research

   Industrial Policy Resolution 1956

   Monopolies Committee

   Fera Amendment 1973

   Industrial Policy Statement 1973

   Some Comments

   High Customs Tariffs

   Financial Infrastructure

   Control of Indian Business

   Encouragement to Small Industries

   Backward Area Development

   Emphasis on Public Sector

   Evolution of Industrial Policy in India

   After Independence

   Industrial Policy Statement 1977

   Era of Liberalisation

3.Impact of Globalisation

  Our Terms of Reference

  Concept of Globalisation

  A Brief History - Definition
  of Globalisation

  Critics of Globalisation

  Background of  Economic
  Reforms in India

  Impact of Reforms

  Growth in the National Product

  Sectoral Performance

  Manufacturing Sector

  Control of Inflation

  Inflow of Foreign Investment

  Cost of  Foreign Capital

  India and China Compared

  The Situation in China

  Misconceptions about China Laws

  Chinese Labour Contract System

  Resolution of Labour Disputes

  Unemployment in China

  Various Social Security Scheme

  Problems Similar to India

  Poor Performance of Manufacturing Sector

  Performance of Individual Industries

  Reform Have Bypassed Public Sector

  Globalisation of Financial Markets

  Farm Sector

  Reduction in Allocation

  Low Capital Formation

  Increasing Food Stock

  Small Scale Industries

  Abid Hussian Committee and
  Dereservation

  Delay in Taking Decisions

  Finance for Small Scale Industries

  SSI Sector and the WTO Regime

  Trends in Employment and
  Unemployment

  Downsizing of Companies

  Report of Working Group of
  Planning Commission

  External Sector Management

  External Debt Position has Improved

  Exports have Stagnated

  Comparison with Other Countries

  Composition of our Exports

  Depreciation of Rupee

  Foreign Investment

  Condition of IMF

  Acquisitions of Indian Companies

  Trends in Mergers and Acquisitions

  Concern of M & A's

  Foreign Enterprises have Entered
  Indian Consumer Market

  100% Foreign Equity Projects

  Delisting by MNC's

  Industrial Relations Scenario

  Collective Bargaining

  Financial Regulation and Supervision

  Scams

  Bankrupt Banks

  UTI Muddle

  Problems with ICICI

  India Joins WTO

  Mobility of Labour

  Migration to the Industrialised
  Countries

  Migration to the Middle East

  Industrial Sickness

  Trends in Wages and Productivity

  Poverty in India

  Growth in Inequality

  Capital Market

  No Improvement in Administration

  International Labour Standards

  India's Readiness to Face Competition

  Global Recession

  U.S. Economy

  Other Industrial Economies

  Asian Economies

  Effects on India

  Consequences of the New Policy

  Economic Reform and Impact
  on Labour

4.Approach to Review of Laws    

    
5.Review of Laws

   Law on Wages

   Laws Relating to Social Security

   Laws Relating to Miscellaneous
   Matters

   Contract Labour

   Piece Rate Wages

   Law Relating to Working Conditions,
   Welfare and Safety and Health

   Employment Relations

6.Unorganised Sector

   Problem of Definition and Identification

   Definition and Identifiable Characteristics

   Instances/Examples of Categories and
   Conditions - Home Workers/Home-Based
   Workers

   Fishery

   Employment Status

   Child Labour and Labour Migration

   Accident Risk at Work

   Social Security and Welfare Measures

   Domestic Workers

   Sex Workers

   Plantation Workers

   Mines and Quarry Workers

   Scavengers

   Workers in Ship Breaking Industry

   Construction Labour

   Rag Pickers

   Associations with other Organisations

   Unionisation and Union Activity

   Unorganised Workers Depending
   on Common Property Resources

7.Social Security

   Social Security : Fundamental Right

   Social Security : Role of State

   Approach to Social Security and Women

   ESI

   PF

   Gratuity : Integration with EPF Act

   Unemployment Insurance Scheme

   Scheme for Mentally Ill

   Beggar and Other Disabled Groups

   Disaster Management

   Social Security System : A Vision

   Pension to Leprosy Patients

   Education Allowance

   Welfare Funds

   Insurance

  Area Based Schemes

  Self Help Groups

  NSAP

  Pension Schemes

  Maternity Benefits

  NEAS

  Basic Health Security

  NWPS

  Children's Allowance

  National Policy for Old Person

  KMBY

8.Women and Children

   Women Workers in India :
   A Macro Picture

   Trends in Women's Participation
   in the Labour Force

   Workforce Participation

   Workforce Estimates

   Distribution of Male and Female
   Workers by Broad Industry Groups

   Distribution of Women Workers

   The Organised Sector

   The Unorganised Sector

   Strength ICDS Schemes and Recognise
   the Role of Childcare Worker

   Maternity Entitlements

   Statutory Scheme

   Women Workers : Entering the
   Mainstream through Voice and
   Empowerment

   Women and Vulnerability

   Empowerment

   Organising in India

   Study on Membership Based
   Organisation and Registration

   Legislation on Child Labour in India

   Legislation on Child Labour : A Review

   Time Use Analysis

   Women Workers in a Liberalising
   Economy

   The Primary Sector

   The Secondary Sector

   The Tertiary Sector

   The Service Sector

   Child Care

   Integrated Child Development Services
   (ICDS)

   Regard Childcare as an Integral
   Component of  Social Security

   Recognise Childcare as Part of Education
   Policy

   Create a Flexible, Autonomous Childcare
   Fund

   Use Multiple Strategies

   Promote and Validate Low Cost Community
   Based Approach

   Sustainability

   Men and Women Organising Separately
   and Together

   Voice Representation

   Recommendations

   What Constitutes Child Labour

   Types and Dimension of Child Labour
   in India

   Approach to Child Labour

   Towards Eliminating Child Labour :
   Existing Legal Framework
 

9.Skill Development

   Indian Labour Force

   Dynamics of the Indian Labour
   System

   Indian Labour Force Skills

   Present Status

   Labour Force Distribution

   Present method of Skill Acquisition

   Vocational Training

   Present and Future Challenges
   of Labour

   Standards of Excellence

   New Approach Towards Vocational
   Training Enabling Multi-Skill

   Modular Approach to the Service Sector

   Training Modules for the Self Employed

   Model for Competency Based Training

   Identification of Competencies

   Preparation of Modules for Instruction

   The Scope of Education Process

   The Role of the Central Board of
   Workers Education

   Leadership Development Programme

   Ownership of the Programme

   Recommendation : Competency
   Based Certification

   Independent Regulatory Authority

   Certification System

   Entry Qualification and Re-certification
   of Instructors

   Additional Recommendation on Skill
   Development Training & Worker's Education

   Increasing Literacy Levels of Labour

   Self Employed Training in the Unorganised
   Sector

   Training of Rural Labour

   Role of Trade Unions, NGO's & Other
   Interest Groups

   Strengthening of ITI's and Augmenting the
   Support from the Industry

   Responsibilities of Industry

   Responsibilities of the Institute

   New Training Delivery System

   Incentives for the Creation of Training  Facilities

   The Importance of  Education and Training

   Involvement of State Governments

10.Labour Administration

    Chief Labour Commissioner
    (Central)

    Prosecution

    Claim Cases

    Quasi Judicial Functions

    Appropriate Government's

    Place of Maintenance of Registers
    and Display of Notice

    Simplification of Procedures

    Penalty

    Recovery Provision

    Power to Exempt

    Minimum Wages Act

    Trial of Cases Under Laws

    Conciliation

    Right Disputes

    Arbitration

    Recognition of Trade Unions

    Bargaining Agent/ Negotiating Council

    Labour Adjudication

    Non Implementation of  Awards
    and Denial of Justice

    Qualification of Presiding Officer

    Industrial Relations Commission

    Central Labour Service

    State Labour Administration

    Enforcement and Conciliation Officer

    Effective and Innovative Ways
    of Inspection

    Status of the Conciliation Officer

    Social Security Board

    The Occupational Health and Safety
    Bill,2002 (DRAFT)

    Model Safety & Health Policy - V.V. Giri
    National Labour Institute

    The Central Board of Workers Education
    (CBWE)

    Policy Recommendations

    Indian Labour Conference

    Committees/Boards Under the
    Ministry of Labour

    Safety

    Agriculture

    International Experiences

    Action Plan

    Need for National Policy

    Competence and Training

    Occupational Safety & Health
    Management System Documentation

    Occupational Safety and Health Objectives

    Hazard Prevention

    Emergency Prevention , Preparedness
    and Response

    Evaluation Performance Monitoring
    and Measurement

    Audit

    Management Review

    Action for Improvement : Preventive
    and Corrective Action

    Directorate General of Mines Safety

    The Genesis

    The Statute

    The Social Factor

    The Hazards

    The Remedial Measure

    Role and Functions

    Testing Service

    Manpower

    Present Strength of Inspecting
    Officers

    Infrastructural Lacunae

    Main Causes of Accident

    Follow up Actions on Accidents

    Illegal Mining

    Pursuing Inspection and
    Remedial Measures

    Inspections

    Improvements

11.Other Matters

     I - Workers Participation in Management

     Works Committees

     Joint Management Council

     Joint Consultation Machinery and
    Compulsory Arbitration in Government
    Departments

     Workers Participation in Management
     in TISCO

     Workers Participation in Management
     in Public Sector Bank

     Introduction of New Scheme of Workers
     Participation in Management
 

     Tripartite Committee on Workers Participation

     Participation of Workers in Management Bill, 1990

     Five Year Plans and Workers Participation in
     Management

     Indian Labour Conference and Workers Participation
     in Management

     Whether the Workers Participation in Management
     sholud by By Statute or by Voluntary Arrangements

     Amendment of Constitution

     II -  Employment Scenario in the Country

     Introduction

     Employment Situation

     Size of the Workforce

     Industrial Distribution of Total Workforce

     Unemployment  Rates

     Educated Unemployed

     Data from Employment Exchanges

     Recent Trends

     Some Important Issues

     Recommendation of Task Force

     Further Developments

     Suggestions by Social Security and
     Employment Advisory Panel

     Is there any Alternative Model for
     Stimulating Growth in Employment

     Travel and Tourisim

     Industry

     Health Care Segment

     What is the World Trend

     Contributors to the Employment Growth

     Employment Growth in Small Industries Sector

     The Importance of  Service Sector

     Urban Informal Sector

     Emphasis on Rural Sector

     Management of Water

     Other Activities Related to Agriculture

     Forestry Sector and Forest Workers

     Village Industries

     Importance of Rural Sector

     Skills Development

     Emphasis on Self Employment

     No one in Charge of Employment
     Prometion

     Note on Employment of Sub Sectors

     III- Review of Wages & Wage Policy

     A Brief History of Wages

     Committee on Fair Wages

     Setting up of Wage Boards

     Sectoral Bargaining at the
     National Level

     Wage Policy

     Theory and Various Issues

     Growth in Inequality of Wage
     and Earnings

     Rise in Real Wages

     Wages in Unorganised Sector

     Objections of a National Wage Policy

     Natural Minimum Wage

     Recommendations of the First
     National Commission on Labour

     Recommendation of Bhoothlingam
     Committee
 

 
12.Note of Dissent by Shri C.K. Saji
     Narayanan, Part-time Member    

    
13.Chairman's Response to the Note
     of Dissent

        
14.Skill Development

        
Annexures

1.Resolution of the Government of India to Set
   up the National Commission on Labour

        
2.Resolution of the Government of India Appointing
   Shri. C.K. Saji Narayanan. Part-time Member

        
3.Secretariat of the National Commission
   on Labour    

    
4.Questionnaire Circulated by the National
   Commission on Labour

        
5.Composition of the Study Group s Constituted
   by the National Commission on Labour

    
6.Visits of National Commission on Labour to States/Union
   Territories for Collection of Evidence    

    
7.List of Liasion Officers Appointed by the States/Union
   Territories to Coordinate the Visits of National
   Commission on Labour

        
8.List of Meetings Convened by the National Commission
   on Labour and Persons/Organisations Who Gave Evidence

        
9.Special Visits of Chairman/Members of the National
   Commission on Labour

        
10.List of Persons/Organisation Who Responded to
    the Questionnaire    

    
11.Workshops/Seminars Conducted by the
     National Commission on Labour

        
12.Workshops/Seminars Conducted by the Study
    Groups on Behalf of the National Commission
    on Labour

        
13.Dates of Submission of Reports by the
    Study Groups    

    
14.Subject Discussed at the Internal Meetings
    Conducted by the National Commission
    on Labour

        
15.Letters of the Chairman to Prime Minister
    Regarding Finance Minister's Budge Speech

        
16.Letters of  the Chairman to Prime Minister
    for Seeking Extension of Term

        
17.Letters of Government Granting Extension

Dr. Gopal Ganesh is one of the few bureaucrats in India who have entered academics after a long and brilliant stint in Government. He had served the Governments of Uttar Pradesh and the Government of India in several important capacities with distinction. In the Government of India, one of his important assignments was that of Member Secretary to the erstwhile Disinvestment Commission for nearly five years. 

He has had a ring side view of disinvestment process in India. He was also a Visiting Fellow at Queens Elizabeth House, Oxford, where he worked on privatisation of public enterprises.

After his retirement from the Indian Administrative Service in 2003, he was Adviser to the Twelfth Finance Commission and also a Member of the Adhoc Task Force on MoUs in the Department of Public Enterprises. Currently, he is the Executive Director of the Centre for Management and Research in Mauritius.

A prolific writer he has earlier authored three books viz., Privatisation Experience Around the World: Privatisation, Competition and Regulation in the United Kingdom and Privatisation in India, and has authored several articles in financial newspapers and journals in India.

1.International Experience of Labour
   Restructuring

2.Privatisation in Sri Lanka

3.Labour Restructuring in Sri Lanka

4.Privatisation in India

5.Labour Restructuring in India

6.Conclusions

Report of the Taskforce on Employment Opportunities 

1.Introduction and Overview    

    
2.The Employment Unemployment
   Situation :An Assessment    

    
3.The Role of Economic Growth in
   Employment Generation

        
4.Sectoral Policies for Employment Promotion

        
5.Role of Special Employment Programmes

        
6.Labour Force Skills and Training

        
7.Reforms of Labour Laws    

    
8.Summary of Recommendations

        
Appendix.        
 
 

Report of the Steering Committee on Labour and Employment for the 10th Five Year Plan (2002-2007)        

1.Background

        
2.Employment : Planning and
   Policies in the Tenth Plan

        
3.Policies for Employment Generation

        
4.Skill Development and Training

        
5.Occupational Safety and Health

        
6.Social Security for Workers

        
7.Labour Laws and Other
   Labour Regulations

        
8.Vulnerable Groups in Labour Force

        
9.Financial Implications    

    
Annexure    

    
Report of the Special Group on Targeting 10 Million Employment Opportunities per Year

         
1.Introduction

        
2.Present Employment and Unemployment
   Situation    

    
3.Future Employment Scenario    

    
4.Identification and Quantification
  of Employment Potentials    

    
5.Policy Reform for Employment
  Generation in Selected Key Areas

        
Annexures A (a-f)

Sectoral Programmes

Annexure B

General Comments on Task Force Report on Employment Opportunities and Other Relevant Sources

Annexure C

Terms of Reference.

S.P. Gupta (Ph.D. in economics from London University) has completed several high ranking assignments in and outside the Indian Government. A former member of the Planning Commi-ssion, Dr. S.P. Gupta has also served the World Bank. His writings have appeared in leading journals. He is currently Chairman, Society for Economic and Social Transition (SEST), New Delhi.

Preface

1.Changing Employment Strategy
   and its Rationale

   The Indian Perspective and the Dimension
   of the Problem

   Recommended Alternative Employment
   Strategy

   Operational Methodology

2.Changing Employment Scenario: Emerging
   New Issues

   Overview

   The Assessment of the Plan Strategy:
   Its Achievements

   Emerging Issues

   Empirical Findings of the Growth of Employment
   and Unemployment Indicators 
   (1993-94 to October 2002)

3.Vocational Training and Skill Development

   Introduction

   Dimensions on the Need for
   Vocational Training

   Prioritisation of Skill Building and
   Vocational Training

   An Outline of the Existing
   Vocational System

   Quantitative Deficiencies in Skill
   Development

   Skill Mismatches

   Structural Deficiencies

   Some Comments on ITI's Efficiency
   and Organisation

   Elements of Skill Development Strategy

   Summary and Recommendations

4.Cluster Development

   Introduction

   Status of Clusters and their
   Problems

   Involving Large Industries in Cluster
   Development Programmes

   Developing a Feasible Model for
   Cluster Development

   Criteria for Selection of Clusters

   Measures for Involving State Governments
   in the Programme of Cluster Development

   Measures for Involving Large Industries in
  the Programme of Cluster Development

   Skill Upgradation in Clusters

5.Business Process Outsourcing: Potentialities
   for Employment Generation

   Difference between Business Process
   Outsourcing and IT Outsourcing

   Forms of Business Process Outsourcing

   The Probable Range of Processes Outsourced

   The Reasons for Outsourcing

   Current Backlash

   How to Deal with the Emerging Scenario

   Developed Countries-The Demographic Shift

6.Business Process Outsourcing: Potentialities
   for Employment Generation

   Historical background

   Functions of the National Employment
   Service (NES)

   Public Perception of the Employment Service

   Present Employment Scenario vis-à-vis
   Employment Exchange Operations

   Private Placement Agencies

   Are the Employment Exchanges
   Relevant Today?

   Whether the Employment Exchange
   is Necessary Today

   Career Counselling and Vocational Guidance

   Cost Effectiveness of the Employment
   Exchanges

   Are Employment Exchanges Doing the
   Jobs as Effectively as Expected?

   What Employment Exchanges Should do in
   the Present Scenario?

7.Labour Welfare and Social Security

Section I: Social Security For The
               Organised Sector

   
   Introduction

   Social Security Laws

   Administration of Social Security Acts

   Employees' Provident Funds and
   Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952

   Employees Deposit Linked Insurance
   Scheme, 1976

   Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995

   Modernisation Programme-Reinventing
   EPFO

   The Employees State Insurance Scheme

   Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972

   Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923

   Maternity Benefit Act, 1961

Section II: The Unorganised Sector Workers Social
                 Security Scheme, 2004

   Short Title, Commencement and Application

   Definitions

   Registration of Members

   Collection and Recording of
   Contributors

   Compliance and Enforcement

   Finance and Investment

   Award and Payment of Benefits

   Payment of Pension

   Miscellaneous

Section III: The Employment Guarantee Bill of 2005
                  (As passed by Lok Sabha on 23.8.2005)

Section IV: Jai Prakash Rozgar Guarantee Yojana
                 (JPRGY)

   Allocation of Districts

   Identification of Districts within
   the States

   Selection of Blocks within the
   Selected Districts

   Wage Employment under the JPRGY

   Self-Employment under the JPRGY

   Operationalisation of the JPRGY

   Annexures

   Bibliography

   Index

List of Tables and Boxes

Tables

2.1The Macro Economic Indicators on NDP, Employment and
     Unemployment-Organised and Unorganised Sectors,
     1993-94 to 2001-02 (on Usual Status)

2.2Sector-wise Growth of Employment from 50th to 55th
     Round and 55th to 58th Round of NSSO (Usual Status)

2.3Aggregate Employment Growth (Overall and Sectoral):
    Usual Status

2.4Number of Unemployed and Percentage to
     Corresponding Labour Force

2.5Workforce, Underemployment and Employment
     Elasticity under UPSS, WS & CDS

2.6Number of Female-headed Households; Household
     Size and Sex-ratio for the Female-headed Households
     during 1993-94 and 1999-2000

2.7Average Household Size (0.0) and Sex Ratio
     (Female per 1000 Males) over the different
      NSS Surveys

2.8Consumption and Poverty by Gender Groups

2.9Youth Unemployment in Contrast to
     All Age Unemployment

(i) Youth versus All Age 

(ii) Female Youth versus All Age Female 

(iii) Male Youth versus All Age Male 

(iv) Female Youths (Rural versus Urban)

2.10Educated Unemployment in the Rural
      and Urban Sectors: 1987-88, 1993-94
      and 1999-2000

2.11Female Educated Unemployed 1987-88,
       1993-94 and 1999-2000

2.12(i) Unemployment Rates 1993-94 and
           1999-2000 Rural (Usual Status) 

(ii) Urban (Usual Status)

2.13Unemployment Rates: Selected States
   (on usual status)

2.14Variation of Employment Rates among
       States for the Years 1994, 2000 and 2002

3.1Estimated Number of Children Leaving
     School (2001-02)

3.2Ranking of Priority Areas for Vocational
    Training and Skill Development

3.3Demography of Labour Force, Youth and
     Employment (Dimensions based on NSS
     Survey of EU, on CDS basis)

3.4Vocational Training Programmes Conducted
     by Departments/Institutions

3.5Intake Capacity in the ITIs by Trade (2002)

Boxes

2.1Strategy and Achievements: Tenth
     Five Year Plan

3.1Tamil Nadu Scheme for Training-cum-
     Production Centres

3.2Initiatives Taken by the Department of
     Employment and Training, Government
     of Andhra Pradesh, Since August, 2003

3.3National Competency Testing Agency
     Proposed by MHRD

4.1An Analysis of Cluster Development Initiatives

5.1Indicative List of Internal Processes Outsourced

List of Annexures

IA.Growth of Employment in Rural
     Areas as per Weekly Status

IB.Growth of Youth Employment in 
     Rural Areas as per Weekly Status

IIA.Growth of Employment in Urban
     Areas as per Weekly Status

IIB.Growth of Youth Employment in
     Urban Areas as per Weekly Status

IIIA.Growth of Employment in India (Rural and
       Urban Combined) as per Weekly Status

IIIB.Growth of Youth Employment in India
        (Rural and Urban Combined) as per Weekly Status

IVA.Growth of Employment in Rural Areas
        as per Usual Status

IVB.Growth of Youth Employment in Rural
        Areas as per Usual Status

VA.Growth of Employment in Urban Areas
      as per Usual Status

VB.Growth of Youth Employment in Urban Areas
     as per Usual Status

VIA.Growth of Employment in India
        (Rural and Urban Combined) as per Usual Status

VIB.Growth of Youth Employment in All Areas
       (Rural and Urban Combined) as per Usual Status

VII .Note Highlighting the Salient Features of the
       Sample Designs of Quinquennial Surveys and
       Annual Surveys on Consumer Expenditure
       and Employment - Unemployment in the NSS

VIII.Growth of Persons Attending Educational
        Institutions (Usual Status)

IX.State-wise Population and Employment Estimates
     by Usual Status 1994, 2000 & 2002 (Table 1-3).
     Average Annual Growth Rate of Population and
     Employment During 1994-2000 (Table-4).
     Average Annual Growth Rate of Population
     and Employment During 2000-2002 (Table-5)

X.Enrolment Capacities for Vocational
    Education and Training in Different States

XI.Indicative List of Vocations under Identified Sectors

XII.Summary and overview of the Report by the
      Special Group on Targeting 10 million
      Employment Opportunity per year by
      Planning Commission, Government of
      India May 2002 (Page 1-17) under
      Chairmanship of Dr. S.P. Gupta, Member
      Planning Commission

XIII.Summary Recommendations of Report
      of the Study Group on Development of
      Small Scale Enterprises, (Page 4-8)
      Planning Commission, New Delhi (2001)
      under Chairmanship of Dr. S.P. Gupta,
      Member Planning Commission.

ARJUN K. SENGUPTA 

Preface

Acknowledgements

          
I.Introduction

  India's Informal Economy

  Constitution of a National Commission
  for the Unorganised Sector

  Conceptualising the Unorganised
  Economy: Sector Vs Workers

  Size and Relationships

  Homeworkers as a Distinct Cataegory

  Poverty, Vulnerability and Informal
  Work Status: the High Congruence

  Rationale for a Social Floor

  An Agenda for Livelihood Promotion

  The Need for Ensuring Minimum
  Conditions of Work

  Role of the State and Other Institutions

  Procedure Followed in the Preparation of
  the Report

  Framework of the Report
 

2.Unorganised Non-agricultural Workers:
   Socio-economic Profile

   Introduction

   Physical and Human Capital

   Labour Market Entry

   Incidence of Poverty

   Conclusion
 

3.Wage Workers in Non-agricultural Sector

   Introduction

   Profile of Wage Workers

   Physical Conditions at Work Place

   Occupational Hazards, Health
   Conditions and Safety Measures

   Hours of Work, Duration of Work
   Day and Weekly Holidays

   Employment Contracts

   Wages and Earnings of Workers
    in the Unorganised Sector

   Conclusion
 

4.Self-employed Workers in Non-agriculture

   Introduction

   Two Types of Enterprises

   Own Account Enterprises

   Constraints faced by Own
   Account Enterprises

   Self employed in Establishments
   with Hired Workers

   Constraints faced by Establishments

   Homeworkers as a Special Category

   Conditions of Work of Self-employed
   Workers

   Textile Industry: Case of Handloom Sector

   The Food Processing Industry

   Petty Trade in India: Street
   Vendors/ Hawkers

   Non-Mechanized Land Transport:
   Rickshaw Pullers

   Conditions of Work and Constraints
   of Homeworkers

   Conclusion
 

5.Women Workers in Non-agriculture

   Introduction

   Conceptualizing Women's Work

   Nature of Work Participation of
   Women

   Conditions of Women's Work

   Number of Women Workers in
   Non-agriculture

   Casual and Regular Women Workers

   Women Self-employed Workers

   Conditions of Homeworkers

   Girl Child Workers

   Conclusion
 

6.Other Disadvantaged Workers:
   Migrants, Child and Bonded Labourers

   Introduction

   Migrant Labour

   Child Labour

   Bonded Labour

   Conclusion
 

7.Agricultural Workers: Socio-economic Profile
     

   Introduction

   Size and Nature of Agricultural Workforce
   in India

   Socio-Economic Profile of Agricultural
   Labourers

   Socio-economic Profile of Farmers

   Conclusion

8.Agricultural Labourers
 
    
   Introduction

   Wage Levels

   Pattern of Employment

   Unemployment and
   Underemployment

   Health and Occupational Hazards

   Seasonal Migration

   Forced/Bonded Labour

   Child Labour

   Gender Dimension of Agricultural
   Work

   Social Security

   Conclusion

9.Working Conditions of Farmers

   Introduction

   Credit and Indebtedness

   Irrigation and Input Use

   The Tenancy Issue

   Other Constraints

   Conclusion

10.International Experience of Regulation of
    Minimum Conditions of Work

   Introduction

   United Nations Framework of Rights

   The ILO Framework

   International experience in adhering
   to Minimum Conditions of Work

   Globalisation and 'New' Regulatory
   Environment

   Conclusion

11.Regulations of Conditions of
     Unorganised Workers in India

     Introduction

     The Constitutional Framework

     Ratification of International Conventions

     Legal Regulation of Conditions of Work

     Central Laws for Unorganised Sector
     Workers

     Laws Which Apply to All Sections of
     Unorganised Sector

     Laws Which Apply to some Sections
     of the Unorganised Sector Labour

     Laws, Extendable to the Unorganised Sector

     Laws Relating to Agricultural Workers

     State Laws

     Organisational Structure for Implementation
     of Labour Laws

     Experience of Implementation of Laws
     for the Unorganised Sector

     Constraints on Effective Implementation

     Scope for Self-Certification

     Voluntary Codes of Conduct for
     Minimum Conditions of Work

     Conclusion

12.Towards Protection and Promotion
     of Livelihoods of Unorganised Workers

     Introduction

     Creating the Foundations of Decent Work

     Dealing with the Negatives: Impact of
     Certain Laws and Regulation on Livelihoods

     Promotional Policies for Non-agricultural
     Unorganised Sector

     Policy Initiatives, Programmes and Schemes
     for Agricultural Workers

     Promotional Measures for Expansion of
     Employment

     Institutional Support for Protection and
     Promotion of Livelihoods

     Conclusion

13.Recommendations on Legislative Protection
     for Minimum Conditions of Work and
     Comprehensive Legislation

     Introduction

     A Review of the Principal Recommendations
     of the Earlier Commissions

     Comprehensive Legislation: Earlier Views

     Comprehensive Legislations for Agricultural
     and Non-agricultural Workers

     Need for Separate Bills

     Main Recommendations Relating to
     Conditions of Work

     Conclusion

14An Action Programme for the
    Unorganised Sector

    Introduction

        A. Protective Measures for Unorganised
            Workers

        B. A Package of Measures for the Marginal
            and Small farmers

        C. Measures to Improve Growth of the
            Non-agricultural Sector

        D. Measures to Expand Employment
            and Improve Employability
 

References

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Appendix Tables

Annexures

List of Tables

1.1 Relationship between Sector and Type of
      Employment (UPSS), All Workers 1999-2000
      & 2004-05

1.2 Population in Different Expenditure Classes

1.3 Percentage Distribution of Expenditure
     Classes by Social Identity, Informal Work
     Status and Education, 2004-2005

1.4 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised
     Workers across Expenditure Classes .

2.1 Percentage Distribution of Rural Workers
     by Land Size Classes and Sector of Occupation
     2004 - 2005

2.2 Mean Years of Schooling of Rural Unorganised
     Agricultural Workers 2004 - 2005

2.3 Proportion of Non-agriculture Workers by
     Employment Status, Sector and Gender among
     Socio-Religious Groups (Percentage) 2004-2005:
     All India

2.4 Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers
     across Occupational Groups by Status and
     Gender (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

2.5 Poverty Ratios of Workers by Industry
     and Sector, 2004-2005

2.6 Poverty Ratios among Non-agricultural
     Workers by Category of Workers 2004-2005

2.7 Poverty Ratios among Unorganised Sector
     All Workers by Social Groups2004-2005

3.1 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised Sector
     Casual and Regular Workers in Manufacturing
     2004-05 

3.2 Percentage Share of Non-agricultural Wage Workers
     without Contract by Sector and Gender 2004 - 2005

3.3 Percentage Share of Non-agricultural Wage
     Workers Eligible for Paid Leave by Sector
     and Gender 2004 - 2005

4.1 Percentage Distribution of the Self-employed
     Workers in Unorganised Non-agriculture
     2004 - 2005

4.2 Two Types of Self-employed by Income

4.3 Percentage Distribution of Enterprises and
     Total Workers by Enterprise Size 1999-2000

4.4 Percentage Distribution of OAEs by Type
     of Registration Agency 1999-2000

4.5 Fixed Assets per Enterprise in Establishments
     with Hired Workers by Employment Size
     (Rs.) 1999-2000

4.6 Gross Value Added per Worker in
     Establishments by Employment
     Size (Rs.) 1999-2000

4.7 Percentage Distribution of Establishments
     by Location of Enterprise 1999-2000

4.8 Percentage Distribution of Self-employed
     Establishments by Type of Registration
     Agency 1999-2000

4.9 Number (in Million) and Percentage of Self-Employed
     and Homeworkers in Non-agricultural Unorganised
     and Manufacturing Sectors 1999-2000 

4.10 Investment in Looms and Weavers'
     Earnings in Uttar Pradesh (Rs ) 2006

4.11 Conditions of Work, Livelihood and
     Earnings of Street Vendors across few
     Indian Cities

4.12 Earnings and Livelihood of Rickshaw
     Pullers across the Cities (Rs.)

4.13 Annual Incomes (Rs) of Homeworkers
     and Non-Homework Enterprises in India
     1999-00

4.14 Seasonality of Work among Homeworkers:
     Earnings and Hours of Work

5.1 Select Characteristics of Women Workers
     2004-2005 

5.2 Rural-Urban Differences between Men and
     Women Workers 2004-2005

5.3 Weekly Average Time (hours) Spent on SNA,
     Extended SNA and Non SNA Activities by
     Gender and Place of Work (Combined for Six States)

5.4 Additional Activities Undertaken by Women
     (Age 15 - 59 years) usually Engaged in Domestic
     Duties (Principal Status) (Percentage), 2004-05

5.5 Share of Women (Age 15 - 59 years) in Domestic
     Duties Willing to Accept Work at home, Full-time
     and Part-time, by Sector (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

5.6 Share of Women (Age 15 - 59 years) in Domestic
     Duties Willing to Accept Work at Home by Type of
     Work acceptable by Skill/ Experience to undertake,
     by Sector (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

5.7 Share of Unorganised Sector Non-agricultural
     Workers by Location of Work (Percentage)
     2004 - 2005

5.8 Workforce Participation Rates by Gender
     by Usual Status (Percentage)

5.9 Share of All Workers (all ages) with Only
     Subsidiary Work by Sector and Gender
     (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

5.10 Number and Percentage of Unorganised
     Non-agricultural Female Workers
     1999-00 and 2004-05

5.11 Share of Enterprises and Workers in
     Proprietary Enterprises (Percentage),
     1999-2000

5.12 Share of Enterprises with Place of Location
At Home (Within Household Premises)
(Percentage) 1999-2000

5.13 Share of Homework Proprietary Enterprise
     in Total OAEs and Establishments
     (Percentage) 1999-2000

5.14 Gross Value Added per Worker and Fixed
     Assets per Enterprise of Homework (Rs.)
     1999-2000

6.1 Percentage Distribution of Migrants by
     Place of Last Residence, Age, Sex
     & Reason for Migration 2001

6.2 Percentage Distribution of Migration
     by Duration of Stay 2001 

6.3 Number and Percentage of Children
     (5 - 14 years) across Usual Status
     by Gender

6.4 States with High Incidence of Child Labour
     and Out-of-School Children (Labour Pool)
     (5 - 14 Years) (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

6.5 Child Labourers (5 - 14 years) by Sector
     2004 - 2005

6.6 Percentage of Child Workers (5 - 14 years)
     across Industry Groups by gender 2004 - 2005

6.7 Incidence of Bonded Labour Reported

6.8 Number of Bonded Labour Identified,
     Released and Rehabilitated by the Centrally
     Sponsored Scheme during 2005-2006

7.1 Structural Transformation in Indian States
     2004-05: Share of Employment and
     Income in Agriculture

7.2 Numbers and Percentage Shares of
     Farmers in Total Agricultural Workers

 
7.3 Growth Rate (Percentage) of UPSS
     Agricultural and Total Workers

7.4 Percentage of Agricultural Worker
     Households by Size of Land
     Possessed Rural 2004 - 2005

7.5 Distribution of Operational Holdings
     and Area by Size, All India

7.6 Percentage of Educational Attainment
     of Rural Agricultural Workers, 2004-2005

7.7 Poverty Ratios among Farmers by
     Socio-Religious Groups and Land
     (Possessed) Size Classes, Rural 2004 - 2005

7.8 Percentage of Agricultural Labourers
     in Total Workforce in Rural Areas

7.9 Number and Growth Rate of Rural
     Agricultural Labourers

7.10 Percentage of Rural Agricultural
     Labourers by Socio-Religious
     Groups 2004-2005

7.11 Age Composition of Rural Agricultural
        Labourers (Percentage)

7.12 Percentage Distribution for Social
        Groups of Farmer Households by
        Land Size (Hectares) Categories 2003

7.13 Percentage Distribution for Social
        Groups of Farmer Households by Land
        Size (Hectares) Categories 2003

7.14 Percentage of Income by Source and
        Farm Size 2003

7.15 Average Monthly Income from
        Cultivation by Size of Holding 2003

8.1 Wages and Growth in Wages of
      Casual Agricultural Workers

8.2 Disparities in Agricultural Wages

8.3 Average Daily Earnings (Rs.) of Workers
      in Rural Labour Household in Agricultural
      Operations-All India at 1999-00 Prices

8.4 Wage Employment Days for Rural Agricultural
      labourers: Casual, All

8.5 Employment, Unemployment and Out of
      Labour Force Days of Rural Agricultural
      Labourers

8.6 Percentage of Unemployed by CWS and
      CDS for Usual Status Rural Agricultural
      Labourers

8.7 Percentage of Employed Persons (15 years and above)
      Who Did Not Work More or Less Regularly throughout
      the Year according to Usual Principal Status in Rural
      Areas 2004-05 

8.8 Percentage of Child Workers in Agriculture
      across Different Employment Statuses by
      Sex 2004-2005

9.1 Prevalence Rate of Indebtedness by Farm
      Size, All India (Percentage) 2003 

9.2 Prevalence Rate of Indebtedness by Social
      Groups: All India (Percentages) (2003) 

9.3 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
      Loans by Farm Size & Sources (2003)

9.4 Percentage Distribution of Leased-In Area by
      Terms of Lease and Broad Size Class 1991-92
      & 2003 

11.1 List of International Labour Organisation
      Conventions Ratified by India

11.2 Central Labour and Industry Laws that
      Deal with Conditions of Work

List of Figures

2.1 Percentage Distribution of Rural Unorganised
      Non-agricultural Workers by Land Size Class
      and Socio-Religious Groups 2004 - 2005

2.2 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
      Workers by Sector and Sex 2004- 2005 

2.3 Percentage Distribution of Workers' Educational
      Attainment Levels in Non - agricultural Sector
      by Sector & Sex 2004-05

2.4 Mean Years of Schooling in Non-agriculture by
      Sector, Sex among Socio-Religious Groups
      2004 - 2005

2.5 Educational Distribution of Non-agriculture
      Workers by Sector and Gender among Socio-
      Religious Groups (Percentage) 2004 -2005

2.6 Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers by
      Employment Status, Sector & Sex among Socio-
      Religious Groups (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

2.7 Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers across
      Industrial Categories by Sex (Percentage) 2004 -
      2005

3.1 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised Sector
      Casual Non-agricultural Workers across Industry
      Groups 2004 - 2005

3.2 Percentage Distribution of Regular Non-agricultural
      workers across Industry Groups 2004 - 2005

3.3 Percentage of Casual Workers with Wages below National
      Minimum Wage of Rs. 66 across Industry Groups and by
      Gender 2004-2005: Rural

3.4 Percentage of Casual Workers with Wages below National
      Minimum Wage of Rs. 66 across Industry Groups by
      Gender 2004-2005: Urban

3.5 Percentage of Rural Non-agricultural Casual Labour
      (Casual Non-agricultural Daily Status) with Wages
      below Minimum Wage 2004 - 2005

3.6 Percentage of Urban Non-agricultural Casual Labour
      (Casual Non-agricultural Daily Status) with Wages
      below Minimum Wage 2004 - 2005

4.1 Workers and Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector

4.2 Own Account Enterprises: Fixed Asset per
      Enterprise and Gross Value Added Per
      Worker (Rs.) 1999-2000

4.3 Distribution of Value of Fixed Assets Rs.
      per Enterprise in Own Account Enterprises,
      1999-2000

4.4 Percentage Distribution of Value of Fixed Assets
      per Enterprise (Rs.) in Establishments with
      Hired Workers, 1999-2000

4.5 Fixed Assets and Gross Value Added per
      Enterprises in OAE and Establishments
      (Rs.) 1999-2000

4.6 Categories of Self-employed Workers in
      Non-agricultural Unorganised Sector
      (million) 1999-2000

4.7 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised
      Non-agricultural Workers across Industry
      Groups 2004-05

4.8 Margins in Homework

5.1 Occupational Distribution among Weavers, 
      Spinners & Related Occupations and 
      Tailors & Related Occupations: All Workers 2004-05

5.2 Occupational Distribution among Physicians
      and Other Health Related Workers,
      All Workers, 2004-05

5.3 Fixed Asset per Reporting Enterprise among
      Proprietary Enterprises (Rs.)
      1999-2000

5.4 Percentage Distribution of Value of Fixed Assets
      (Rs. per Enterprise) in Own Account Enterprises
      Proprietary Enterprises 1999-2000

5.5 Gross Value Added Per Worker among
      Proprietary Enterprises (Rs.), 1999-2000 

6.1 Incidence of Out of School Children (Labour Pool)
      and Child Labour (5 - 14 Years) across Quintile
      Groups (Percentage) 2004-05

6.2 Incidence of Out-of-School Children (Labour Pool)
      and Child Labour (5 - 14 Years) across Socio-religious
      Groups (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

6.3 Share of Boys and Girls in Principal Work, Attending
      Education and Domestic Duties (Usual Principal
      Status) by Age Group, Sector and Gender
      (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

7.1 Women's Share in the Agricultural Workforce
      (Percentage) 1983 - 2004-05

7.2 Poverty Ratio among Rural Agricultural
      Labourers by Socio-Religious Groups
      2004 - 2005

7.3 Poverty Ratio among Farmers by Land
      (Possessed) Size Classes, Rural 2004 - 2005

7.4 Average Monthly Expenditure and Income
      by Farm Size for Rural Farmer Households:
      All-India 2003

8.1 Percentage of Rural Agricultural Labourers
      with Wages below Minimum Wage,
      2004 - 2005

8.2 Distribution of Traumatic Accidents with
      Different Farm Machinery and Activities

8.3 Distribution of Total Migrants by Industry
      Groups: All India 1991 (all Duration)

8.4 Mandays of Rural Agricultural Labourers
      by Type of Operation and Gender, 2004-2005

8.5 Average Earnings per Manday (Rs.) of Rural
      Agricultural Labourers in Manual Work in
      Cultivation Operations by Gender 2004-2005

8.6 Casualisation of the Rural Agricultural
      Workforce by Gender, 2004-2005

9.1 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
      Loans by Source & Social Groups 2003

9.2 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
      Loans by Purpose of Loan 2003

9.3 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
      Loans by Purpose & Land Size Classes 2003

9.4 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
      Loans by Purpose & Social Groups 2003 

9.5 Tenant Holdings by Categories of Operational
      Holdings (Percentages) 1991-92 &
      2002-03 (Kharif only)

9.6 Percentage Shares in Leased-in Area
      1992 - 2003

List of Boxes

3.1 Limitation of data

3.2 Physical Conditions of Work

4.1 Value Addition per Worker of OAEs
      less than Notional Minimum Incomes

4.2 Problems Faced by Own Account
      Enterprises

4.3 Problems Faced by Establishments
      with Hired Workers

4.4 Legal Status of Vendors in Imphal

4.5 A Case for Hawking/Vending:
      Constitutional Provisions

4.6 A Case for Hawking/Vending:
      Court Proceedings

4.7 Recognition of the Rickshaw
      Puller

4.8 Shelters for Rickshaw Pullers

5.1 Domestic Workers

5.2 Below Notional Minimum
      Income of Female Proprietors

5.3 "Hidden costs" borne by homeworkers

7.1 Definition of Farmers

9.1 Farmers' Suicides

12.1 The Case for a Multifaceted
       Approach

12.2 NCEUS on Special Economic Zones
       (SEZs)

12.3 NCEUS Recommendations on Urban
        Street Vendors

12.4 NCEUS Tack Force on Credit

12.5 NCEUS on Unorganised Sector
       Growth Poles (GP)

List of Appendix Tables

A1.1 Size & Distribution of the Organised and
        Unorganised Sector Workers by Industry 
        & Status 2004 - 05

A1.2 Estimates of Organised & Unorganised
        Workers/Employment by Industry (Million)

A1.3 Percentage of Workers in Unorganised
        Sector & Unorganised Workers by Gender
        across the States 2004-2005

A1.4 Number (Millions) of Workers in Unorganised
        Non-agricultural Sector by Status of
        Employment 1999-2000

A2.1 Distribution of Rural Non-agricultural Workers
        by Land Size Class and Socio-Religious
        Groups 2004 - 2005

A2.2 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
        Workers by Employment Status, Sector,
        Sex and Sector of Occupation 2004-2005

A2.3 Non-agricultural Workers' Mean Years of
        Schooling across Major States by
        Sector and Sex 2004 - 2005

A2.4 Percentage Distribution of Non-agricultural
        Workers according to Educational Attainment
        Levels, Sex & Sector of Occupation 2004 - 2005

A2.5 Non-agricultural workers' Educational
        Attainment Levels across Major States by 
        ector and Sex 2004 - 2005: Rural (Percentages)

A2.6 Non-agricultural Workers' Educational
        Attainment Levels across Major States
        by Sector and Sex 2004 - 2005: Urban
        (percentages)

A2.7 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
        Workers by Sector, Sex and Sector of
        Occupation among Social Groups 2004 -
        2005: Total

A2.8 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
        Workers by Sector, Sex and Sector of
        Occupation among Social Groups 2004 -
        2005: Rural

A2.9 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
        Workers by Sector, Sex and Sector of
        Occupation among Social Groups
        2004 - 2005: Urban

A2.10 Percentage of Non-agricultural Workers by
          Employment Status, Sector and Gender among
          Socio-Religious Groups 2004-2005

A2.11 Percentage of Unorganised Workers among
          All Non-agricultural Workers in Industry
          Groups, across States 2004-2005

A2.12 Percentage of Unorganised Workers among
          All Non-agricultural Workers in each
          Occupational Category across States 2004-2005

A2.13 Percentage Distribution of Non-agricultural
          Workers across Occupational Categories
          by Status and Gender 2004-2005

A2.14 Poverty Ratios among Unorganised
          Non-agriculture Workers by Social
          Groups

A2.15 Poverty Ratios among Unorganised
          Sector Workers by Sector & Industry
          2004-2005

A2.16 Poverty Ratios among Unorganised
          Sector Workers by Employment Status
          and Industry 2004-2005

A3.1 Average Daily Earnings of Casual Workers
        by Industry and Gender, Rural 2004-05

A3.2 Average Daily Earnings of Casual Workers
        by Industry and Gender, Urban 2004-05

A3.3 Average Daily Earnings of Casual Workers
        in Manufacturing by Industry and Sector
        2004-05

A3.4 Average Daily Earnings of Casual Workers
        in Manufacturing by Industry and Gender
        2004-05

A3.5 Average Daily Earnings of Regular Workers
        by Industry and Gender, Rural 2004-05

A3.6 Average Daily Earnings of Regular Workers
        by Industry and Gender Urban 2004-05

A4.1 Percentage Distribution of Self- employed
        Workers in Unorganised Non-agriculture
        across the States2004-2005

A4.2 Percentage Distribution of Enterprises
        by Size of Enterprise in Unorganised
        Non-agriculture across the States,
        1999-2000

A4.3 Percentage Distribution of Total Workers
        by Size of the Enterprise in Unorganised
        Non-agriculture across the States 1999-2000

A4.4 Percentage Distribution of OAEs by
        Location and Broad Industry Group,
        1999-2000

A4.5 Percentage of Enterprises without Any
        Registration by States 1999-2000 

A4.6 Percentage of Homeworkers in Self-
        employed by States 1999-2000

A5.1 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised
        Non-agricultural Women Wage Workers
        across Industrial Categories 2004-05

A5.2 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised
        Non-agricultural Self-employed Female
        Workers across Industrial Categories 2004-2005

A5.3 Share of Male and Female Proprietary
        Enterprises by Most Serious Problem
        Faced (Percentage) 1999-2000

A6.1 Incidence of Child Labour and Out -of-School
        Children (Labour Pool) (5 - 14 Years)
        across the States (Percentage) 2004 - 2005 269

A7.1 State-wise Percentage Share of Agricultural
        Workers in Total Rural Workforce 270

A7.2 State-wise Percentage of Rural Agricultural
        Workforce across Types of Employment

A7.3 State-wise Distribution of Households by Size
        of Land Possessed (Hectares): Rural
        (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

A7.4 Percentage of Rural Agricultural Labour
        Households by Social Groups

A7.5 Average Monthly Income Per Farmer Household
        (Rs. / month) From Cultivation by Size Classes
        of Land Holdings (Hectares) 2003

A8.1 Average Daily Earnings (Rs) of Men, Women
        and Children in Rural Labour Households
        in Agricultural Occupations, 1999-2000

A9.1 Incidence of Indebtedness among Farmer
        Households by Farm Size (Percentages)
        2003

A9.2 Average Amount of Outstanding Loans
        per Indebted Farmer Household by Land
        Size (Rs.) 2003

A9.3 Tenant Holdings & Operated Area
        Leased-In (Percentage) 1991-92 &
        2002-03 (Kharif only)

A9.4 Awareness of bio-fertilizer, MSP &
        WTO by Size of Holdings (Percentage
        of Farmer Households) 2003

A9.5 Access to Extension Service Workers as a
        Source of Information on Modern Technology
        for Farming by Size of Holdings (Percentage
        of Farmer Households) 2003

A9.6 Access to Government Agencies as a Source
        of Information on Modern Technology by Size of
        Holdings(Percentage Farmer Households) 2003

A9.7 Membership of Cooperative Society by Size
        of Holdings (Percentage Farmer Households)
        2003

A9.8 Membership of a Registered Farmers' Organization,
        Self-help Group by Size of Holdings (Percentage
        of Farmer Households) 2003

A9.9 Preference of Farming as Occupation by
        Size of Holdings (Percentage of Farmers)
        2003

A11.1 State Laws for Unorganised Sector Workers

A11.2 State-wise Coverage of Shops and Commercial
          Establishments under the State Acts during

Arjun K. Sengupta

Preface

Acknowledgements

Volume I - Main Report

1. Introduction

    Wide ranging consultations 

    Past Reports

    This Report

    Organisation of Chapters

2. Expanding employment in the Indian economy

    Introduction

    Formal Sector Employment

    Formal and Informal Employment in
    the Formal Sector: Commission’s estimates

    What explains lack of growth in
    Formal Sector employment?

    Growth and Employment

    Some Implications of the Growth
    Pattern for Incomes

    The Informal Workers

    The Approach of NCEUS

    Commission’s Approach in
    this Report

    Concluding Note

3. Employment & Unemployment in India :
    Alternative Measures & their Meaning

    Introduction 

    Measures of Employment/Unemployment :
    Sensitivity to Concepts & Definitions Used

    Labour Force Measures Used in
    Recent Plans

    Requirements of a Good Measure

    Modified Current Weekly Status
    (MCWS)

    Advantages of the MCWS Approach
    in Labour Force Measurement

    Measures of Employment &
    Unemployment

    Measures of Non-utilization of
    Labour Time

    The Measurement Used in this
    Report

    Policy Implications

4. Labour Supply & Demand :

    Introduction

    Population Growth &
    Composition

    Trends in Size & Composition
    of Labour Force

    Overall Size, Growth & Composition

    Rural-Urban Distribution 44

    Labour Force Participation Rates
    (LFPR) 45

    Labour Force Participation Rates
    by Social Groups 45

    Age-Specific Labour Force
    Participation 47

    Age Specific LFPR in Rural
    & Urban Areas 48

    Low Educated: A Huge
    Underbelly 49

    State-level Scenario in
    LFPR 52

    Sate-wise Composition of
    Labour Force 53

    State-wise Labour Force Participation
    Rates by Social Groups 54

    State-wise Labour Force by Education 54

    State-wise Rural/Urban Difference
    in Labour Force 56

    Trends in Size & Composition of
    Work Force 57

    Gender Differentials in Education
    by Industry Groups 60

    Industry-wise Distribution of
    Workers by Social Groups 60

    Classification of Industries by
    Growth in Employment 61

    Policy Implications 63

5. Demographic Dividend or
    Demographic Burden?

    National and State Level Projections
    of Labour Force 102-129

    Demographic Dividend 102

    Earlier Population Projections 103

    Methodology 103

    Projected Population 104

    Projected Labour Force 110

    Comparison of Growth Rates 111

    State-wise projections of UPSS
    Labour Force by Sector & Size 111

    Projected MCWS Labour Force
    115

    State-wise Projections of
    MCWS Labour Force 117

    Additions to Labour Force 117

    Educational Status 118

    Policy Implications 122

6. Employment Generation & its Quality:

    Looking through the Lens of Formality
    & Informality 130-167

    Introduction 130

    Commission’s Perspective on
    Employment Question 131

    Projections of Employment 132

    Structure of Employment in the
    Formal & Informal Economies 134

    Formal & Informal Sector Shares 135

    Shares of Formal & Informal
    Workers 138

    Unemployment 138

    Part Time Workers & the
    Underemployed 138

    Socio-economic Profile of
    Unorganized Workers 140

    Wages & Earnings 140

    Conditions of Work of Agricultural
    Wage Workers 142

    Conditions of Work of Wage Workers
    in Non-agricultural Sector

    Socially Objectionable or Extreme
    Conditions of Work 145

    Self-employed Workers in Non-agriculture
    148

    Conditions of Work of Self-employed
    Workers 149

    Constraints on Self-employed Workers &
    Informal Enterprises 150

    The Commission’s Strategy of
    ‘Levelling Up’ 152

7. Labour Law Reforms : Beyond a
    Narrow Agenda 168-187

    Introduction 168

    Evolution of Labour Laws
    in India 168

    Important Labour Regulations
    & Their Coverage 169

    Relation between Labour Laws
    & Employment Generation 170

    Major Issues in Labour Law
    Reforms 173

    Labour Laws & the Unorganised
    Sector 180

    Recommendations for Labour Law
    Reforms 182

    Conclusion 185

8. The Challenge of Skill Formation
    & Development 188-213

    Introduction 188

    Skill Formation, Productivity
    & Growth 189

    The Skills-Productivity-Growth
    Link 189

    The Case of the Informal Sector
    189

    Skill Profile of the Indian Workforce
    191

    Selected International Experience
    201

    System of Skill Development in India
    202

    Recommendations 208

    Conclusion 213

9. Public Employment Programme for the

    Unorganised Workers: The Case
    of NREGA 214-230

    Introduction 214

    National Rural Employment
    Guarantee Act 215

    The Context & Contours of
    NREGA – A Review 215

    A Snapshot of NREGA Over
    Three Years 217

    Some Positive Benefits 219

    Lessons from Variations in
    Performance 222

    Success Stories 222

    Remaining Gaps 223

    Need for Safeguarding Essential
    Entitlements 224

    Some Operational Deficiencies
    225

    Recommendations 226

    Conclusion 230

10. An Employment Strategy for
     Agriculture Centred on Marginal
     & Small Farmers 231-253

     Introduction 231

     Employment Potential of
     Indian Agriculture 232

    Growth Potential of Indian
    Agriculture 235

    Recent Initiatives in Agriculture
    237

    Dimensions of Marginal/Small
    Farming in India 239

    Key Issues & Problems of Marginal
    & Small Farmers 242

    Integration into Markets
    and Risk 246

    Approach of the Commission &
    Recommendations 247

    Conclusion 253

11. The World of Micro Enterprises :
      Characteristics and Constraints

      Introduction 254

      Micro Enterprises in Rural
      and Urban Areas 256

      Unravelling the Heterogeneity
      257

      Industrial Distribution of the Micro
      Enterprise Sector 259

      Contribution to National Income 259

      Informal Manufacturing and Productivity:
      A Disaggregated Picture 259

      The All-India Picture 261

      A Regional Picture 262

      Major Industrial Groups
      (Enterprises) by States 266

      Constraints faced by Micro
      Enterprises 267

      Constraints on Micro Enterprises:
      A Summing Up 274

      Sub-Contracting : An Aspect of Linkages
      between Micro and Large Enterprises 274

      Policy Implications 274

12. Access to Credit 281-297

      Introduction 281

      Size and Characteristics of
      Unorganised Enterprises 282

      Access to Credit to Micro and Small
      Enterprises: The Present Scenario 282

      Micro Credit as a Palliative 284

      Institutional and Policy Support for
      Credit 286

      Informal Credit: Role of Money Lenders
      288

      Policy Measures to Promote Credit to
      Micro and Small Enterprises 288

      Credit Policy in the Current Context:
      A Micro Enterprise Perspective 289

      Some Larger Issues 290

      Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
      291

13. Access to Technology, Marketing
      and Raw Materials 298-333

      Introduction 298

      Access to Technology 298

      Technology and Innovation in MSEs:
      The Salient Analytical Issues 299

      Technological Interventions and
      Innovations that transform an industry:

      The Role of the Central Leather Research
      Institute (CLRI) in the Leather industry 301

      Fostering rural innovations - the Rural
      Innovations Network 302

      Intervening in a cluster: EDI in
      Jamnagar brass parts cluster 303

      Technology Acquisition and Upgradation:
      Two Case Studies 304

      Access to Marketing 314

      Sector Typology and Marketing
      Issues 315

      Marketing Infrastructure for the
      Unorganised Sector 317

      The Handloom Industry – Issues in
      Marketing and Existing Institutions
      317

      The Handicrafts Sector: Marketing
      Issues and Institutions 319

      Access to Raw Materials 322

      Summing Up 326

      Policy Implications and
      Recommendations 327

      Rationalizing, simplifying and
      expanding schemes 331

      Providing Better Linkage 332

      Adequate Credit 332

      Policy Implications to enhance
      marketing 333

      Recommendations to Improve
      Access to Raw Materials 333

14. From Industrial Clusters to Growth
      Poles 334-356

      Introduction 334

      Defining industrial clusters 335

      Potential benefits of a Cluster 335

      Importance of clustered micro
      and small enterprises 335

      Determinants of cluster
      development 336

      MSE Clusters in India 336

      Importance of cluster-oriented
      MSE development policies 340

      MSE cluster development
      policies in India 340

      Micro enterprises in Value Chains 341

      Indian success stories and failures
      of cluster development policies 343

      Case Studies for Value Chains in
      Indian Small Industries 344

      Interfirm Linkages in Micro-enterprises:
      A Summing Up 350

      Policy Implications 350

      The NCEUS Proposal for Growth Poles 350

      Recommendations 355

15. Recommendations 

      Definition of Informal Sector and
      Informal Employment 357

      Measurement of Employment
      and Unemployment 358

      Labour Force Projections 358

      A Strategy for Promoting Decent
      Employment 358

      Labour Reforms 359

      Skill Formation 360

      Public Employment Programmes
      (NREGA) for Unorganised Sector
      Workers 363

      An Employment Strategy for Agriculture
      centred on marginal and small farmers

      Access to Credit

      Access to Technology, Marketing
      and Raw Materials

      Cluster-Based Growth Poles for
      the Unorganised Sector

Volume II - Annexures

1.1: Past and Present Composition
      of the Commission

1.2: Composition of the Advisory Board

1.3: Task Forces and Technical Expert
       Groups Constituted

3.1: Measures of Labour Force
       Participation and Utilisation

5.1: State-wise UPSS Labour Force
       by Sector and Sex as on 1st April
       of 2007, 2012 and 2017

5.2: State and Age Group-wise UPSS Labour
       Force by Sector and Sex as on 1st April
       of 2007, 2012 and 2017.

5.3: State-wise MCWS Labour Force by Sector
       and Sex as on 1st April of 2007, 2012 and 2017.

5.4: State and Age Group-wise MCWS Labour Force
       by Sector and Sex as on 1st April of 2007,
       2012 and 2017.

5.5: State-wise UPSS Labour Force by Educational
       Status, Sector and Sex as on 1st April
       of 2007, 2012 and 2017.

International Labour Office

Preface

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Part I Major trends in wages, 1995–2007

1. The economic context 

1.1. Strong economic growth, but a
       gloomy outlook

1.2. Continued global economic integration 

       International trade 

       Foreign direct investment

       Labour migration 

1.3 Inflation

2. Aggregate wages

2.1. Definitions and statistics

2.2. Average wages

       Wages and productivity

       Wage forecasts for 2008 and 2009

2.3. Changes in the wage share

3. The distribution of wages

3.1. Does wage inequality matter?

3.2. Trends in wage inequality

3.3. Wage inequality and
       economic development

3.4. Wage inequality and gender

Part II Minimum wages and
           collective bargaining

4. Recent trends

4.1. The revival of minimum
       wages

4.2. Contrasting developments in
       collective bargaining coverage

5. The effects of institutions on wage
    outcomes

5.1. Collective bargaining, productivity
       and wages

5.2. Institutions and wage inequality

5.3. Findings from the literature

6. Designing coherent wage policies

6.1. Using the minimum wage as
       an effective and decent wage floor

       What is a decent wage floor?

       Uprating minimum wages

       Keeping it simple

       Compliance, coverage and coherence

6.2. Promoting collective bargaining
       alongside minimum wages

       Promoting a coordinated approach

       Examples of measures to activate
       collective bargaining

       Monitoring collective bargaining
       and collecting wage statistics

Part III Summary and conclusions

7. Main findings and policy implications

8. Emerging issues and the way forward
 

       Technical appendix I: The wage share

       Technical appendix II: Institutions
       and inequality

       References

       Statistical appendix

Marion Jansen is the co-ordinator of the ILO's Trade and Employment Programme. She previously worked in the WTO's Research and Statistics Department and co-authored the first ILO-WTO joint study, Trade and employment: Challenges for policy research.

Erik von Uexkull is an economist with the ILO's Trade and Employment Programme. He previously worked in the World Bank's International Trade Department and is specialized in trade and employment, regional integration, and export diversification.

List of tables, figures and boxes

Preface

Acknowledgements

1. Introduction

2. Trade flows and labour markets during the crisis: 
    What global data tells us.

2.1 Trade, employment and transmission
      of economic crises

2.2 Global trade and price trends during
      the crisis

2.3 Global employment and wage trends
      during the crisis

3. The impact of the crisis at the country level and
    trade as a transmission channel

3.1 Introduction to the ILO's country-level work
      on the crisis: What, where and how?

3.2 Ukraine: The role of export concentration

3.3 Liberia and Uganda: Interaction between global
      food and commodity price inflation in 2007/08
      and the global economic crisis of 2008/09 

3.4 India and South Africa: Secondary effects
      of the trade shock

3.5 Brazil: Distributional effects of trade
      during the crisis

3.6 Egypt: Gender impact of trade during
      the crisis

4. Policy responses .

4.1 Trade policy and trade finance

4.2 Sectoral and company-specific
      stimulus programmes

4.3 Cross-sectoral measures

4.4 Policy conclusions

5. Conclusions.

Annex 1: Description of variables in cross-country
               data on crisis impact and potential
               transmission channels 

Annex 2: Selected countries, exports by major
               product group, 2008

Annex 3: Description of the model and data
               used for the South Africa and India study

 
Annex 4: Detailed results of the modelling
               exercise for India

Annex 5: Detailed results of the modelling
               exercise for South Africa

Annex 6: Description of the STAGE_LAB model
               and SAM used for the Brazil study 158

Bibliography

Ahmad Ahsan, Lead Economist, World Bank, Washington DC, USA

Manas Bhattacharya, Senior Technical Specialist, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Dipak Dasgupta, Lead Economist, World Bank, New Delhi, India

Nadeem Ul Haque, Director, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan

K.P. Kannan, Member, National Commission on Enterprises in the Unorganized and Informal Sector, Government of India, New Delhi, India

Paula Kantor, Senior Research Manager, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, Kabul, Afghanistan

Dilli Raj Khanal, Member, UN Expert Committee on Global Economy and Chairman, Institute of Policy Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal

Ashish Narain, Economist, World Bank, New Delhi, India

Shyamali Ranaraja, Consultant, International Labour Organization, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Mohammed Ali Rashid, Professor, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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