This volume offers much food for thought and makes a valuable contribution to the literature. I hope that academics, policy makers and others involved in making health more accessible and affordable will find this volume relevant in their work.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Former President of India 

Hundreds of millions avoidably suffer severe health problems and millions die prematurely each year because they do not get the medicines they need. This book is the result of a tremendous international collaboration seeking to change this. Its underlying idea is that the development and distribution of important medicines should be rewarded not through high, patent-protected mark-ups but through publicly funded rewards based on their actual health impact. This would greatly reduce the prices of advanced medicines and massively increase research into the diseases of the poor as well as the efficiency of the pharmaceutical sector. The book offers a thorough exploration of this idea with special emphasis on its significance for traditional medicines widely used in India and China.
Thomas Pogge
Leitner Professor of Philosophy and
International Affairs, Yale University 

This book offers a highly valuable insight in the Traditional Medicines sector in China and India, and provides a road-map of bilateral activities that are of great importance for the sectoral development in both countries
Wang Fenyu
Vice president, CASTED

This timely and much-needed volume offers innovative responses to global health inequalities and the contemporary global intellectual property regime by examining the experiences of two countries that are deeply engaged in these areas, India and China. Innovative alternatives to the current global patent system are proposed including ways to employ Indian and Chinese medical systems to fill the gap in access to essential treatments. This should be required reading for anyone concerned about the future of global public health.
Murphy Halliburton
PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, 
Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York

Sachin Chaturvedi is a Senior Fellow at the Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), a think tank with the Government of India’s Ministry  of External Affairs. He works on, inter alia, development cooperation policies and South-South cooperation, and science, technology and innovation policies.

Miltos Ladikas currently holds Research Fellow posts at the Centre for Professional Ethics, University of Central Lancashire, UK and the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. His professional background covers the areas of technology assessment, public perceptions of S&T, ethics in S&T policy and science and development.

Guo Lifeng is Associate Professor, Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development (CASTED), Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing, China. Her research interests include science and technology polices and IPR issue in International trade.

Krishna Ravi Srinivas is an Associate Fellow with RIS, a policy research think tank based in New Delhi, India. He has written on, inter alia, IPRs, open source and open innovation models, traditional knowledge, and climate change and technology transfer.

Fatima Alvarez-Castillo

Rosa Cordillera Castillo

David Coles

Lynn J. Frewer

T.C. James

Jing Liu

Jon Pedersen

Wu Qunhong

K. Satyanarayana

Sun Xiaoyun

Liu Yan

Li Zhe

Gao Zhiqian

Rumi Aijaz is Senior Fellow at the ORF, New Delhi, India. His educational qualifications include a Master’s in Geography (JNU, 1992), Regional Planning (SPA, 1994) and PhD in Urban Governance (SPA, 2004). He has been a post-doctoral visiting fellow at the Asia Research Centre, LSE (2006). He is also an associate member of the Institute of Town Planners, India. He has worked with the NGO Sanket (1994-95) and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (1996-1999 and 2004-05). He has also undertaken a study on gender for the Royal Netherlands Embassy (1996-97). During his education and professional career, he has been involved in numerous studies covering a range of social science topics such as socio-economic and human development, ecology and physical environment, small scale industries, women empowerment, public health, transportation and urbanisation. His writings and views have found place in leading world journals, and acknowledged by prominent Indian and foreign institutions and news agencies.

Andrej Holm is Research Fellow, Department of Urban and Regional Sociology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.

Paul Kennedy is Corporate Energy Manager, City Surveyor’s Department, City of London Corporation, London, United Kingdom.

Hermann Knoflacher is Professor Emeritus, Institute for Transport Planning and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.

Stefan Krätke is Chair of Economic and Social Geography, European University Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.

Eduardo Samper is Professor (Art Faculty), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.

Jayshree Sengupta is a Senior Fellow at the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), New Delhi, India.

Ulrich Schachtschneider, Freelance Author, Energy Advisor and Trainer, Oldenburg, Germany, is an active member of the discussion group “Sustainability”, of RLS.

Raymond J. Struyk is former Senior Fellow, International Projects Department, National Opinion Research Center (NORC), University of Chicago, Bethesda, Maryland (MD), USA.

Yue Wu is Director, Tongji University Center for Urban Development Studies, and Principal, Design Future Studio, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

In the second volume of his monumental study of the history and politics of United Nations Development Aid, Digu Bhouraskar provides a unique and well researched perspective on the policies and performance of the UNDP during its early years until 2010. Discussing successively its mission, resource structure, performance and effectiveness, he builds up, with rigour and statistical detail, a well defined and authoritative picture of the Programme as it has evolved over the years. Direct and readable, it brings out clearly the changing vision of successive administrators as they strove to meet the complex demands of donor and recipient economies amidst the vast transformations taking place in the global political and strategic landscape. A tour de force!!
— Ambassador Vijay Nambiar
    Special Adviser to the Secretary-General  of the United Nations,
    and former Chef-de Cabinet to the Secretary-General of the UN.  

This book provides an instructive and interesting account of the role and operations of UNDP financed from voluntary contributions. It should make a good contribution to understand UNDP's wide range of activities and serve as a reference to practitioners and researchers.
— Rafeeuddin Ahmed
    Special representative of the World Tourism Organization to
    the United Nations and Former Associate Administrator of UNDP

"The role of technical assistance in promoting development, especially in Africa, is hotly debated today. Proponents argue that it is the missing ingredient, especially in resource- or commodity-rich countries; critics claim that TA suits donors' interests and rarely builds capacity. This eminently readable and scrupulously researched book tells the story of the United Nations Development Programme, the UN's technical assistance arm. By describing the accomplishments and challenges, the coalitions and tensions of UNDP's first fifty years, Digambar Bhouraskar sheds valuable light on contemporary issues facing technical assistance. No matter which side of the debate you are on, the book provides lessons on making development aid more effective in the future."
— Shantayanan Devarajan
    Chief Economist, Africa Region, The World Bank

Economic and Social Development has been a main activity of the United Nations since its beginning in 1945. Digu Bhouraskar traces the twists and turns of the often long and tortuous debates between governments as the structures and policies for UNDP were put in place. Bhouraskar has provided a well-documented account, step by painful step.
— Sir Richard Jolly
     Prof. Institute of Development Studies, Sussex. Co-Director of
     the UN Intellectual History Project.

Dr. Digambar Bhouraskar set himself to write two important books on this fascinating subject of United Nations development assistance. The first book, in 2008, covered the story of UN aid from 1946 to 1966. This current book presents developments and changes which took place from1966 to 2010. The reader will immediately realize that the author writes on this important subject and examines the issues, not only with thorough knowledge based on long-time inside experiences, but also with profound dedication and involvement.I strongly believe that his books and efforts would be greatly appreciated not only by large group of readers at present but also in posterity"
— Uner Kirdar
     Former Director of the Secretariat of the UNDP Governing Council
     and of External Relations, UNDP

Digambar Bhouraskar worked in the United Nations in New York for thirty-two years (1957-1989). He held several senior positions including  Director of the Development Administration Programme in the Department of Technical Cooperation. He was closely associated with several aspects of UN development aid and was responsible for managing a sizable programme of aid. He served as Financial Adviser to the Government of Jamaica (1989-1990). He was a Fellow at the Center for Management of Baruch College, CUNY, in New York (1991-1993) and was Adjunct Professor  of Economics at Baruch College (1993-1998). He also served as consultant to UN and UNDP. Dr Bhouraskar holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Bombay. He was also a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at Princeton University, NJ, USA. He published "United Nations Development Aid: A Study in History and Politics" in 2008 (Academic Foundation, New Delhi).

Here is a remarkable tour de force from one of India's senior most anthropologists. Unlike many practitioners of textbook writing, Professor Reddy has chosen to divide the volume innovatively in  three compact sections ranging from epistemology and methodology to critical essays on contemporary theories and vignettes of grounded ethnography. The inventory of themes is at once  encyclopaedic and kaleidoscopic: function, meaning, cultural variability, relativism versus universalism and globalization followed by theories of Levi-Strauss and Dumont, cultural materialism of  Marvin Harris, critique of Geertz and the debate between Margaret Mead and Derek Freeman. The last section tackles from a fieldwork perspective burning issues like naxalism, developmental  hurdles, farm-size and productivity, and the changing functional interdependence between castes in village India. All in all, the book would remain a valuable summum bonum of the author's  outstanding contributions to Indian anthropology and to the discipline in general.

—  Ravindra K. Jain
     Former Professor of Anthropology and Dean, School of
     Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

Professor N. Subba Reddy is a key figure in the modern history of Indian anthropology, not only because of his own research contribu-tions, but also by virtue of his roles in academic leadership. The  present volume, which collects together 30 highlights from his long and distinguished career, brings fully into focus how prolific he has been as a scholar, and also underlines the astonishing range of  his intellectual and research interests. In his own synoptic profile    to the volume, Professor Subba Reddy provides a fascinating reconstruction of this intellectual journey that has occupied him over  six decades. It is a delight to find this immense body of work collected together for the benefit of contemporary students and researchers alike.
—  Anthony Good
     Professor Emeritus; Professorial Fellow - Social Anthropology,
     School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK.

N. Subba Reddy completed his MA (1946-48) and PhD (1952) at Lucknow University. For his PhD, he was awarded the Bonnarjee Research Prize.

He joined the post of Deputy Director of Kanpur  Social Survey (a Planning Commission project) under the directorship of Dr D.N. Majumdar, and their report was published in 1960 under the title “Social Contours of an Industrial City”; it was later  re-printed in America in 1975. He joined Lucknow University as Lecturer in 1956. He handled the PG courses in anthropology at Gauhati Univerity (1957) and was in-charge of Centre for Tribal  Research. He was instrumental in organising the Department of Anthropology at Andhra University (1960) and was with the Department, initially as Reader and Head of the Department and later as  Professor (1961-76). He was closely associated with all the committees for the starting of anthropology at SV University, Tirupati. During the year 1970-71, he was a visiting senior fellow at the  University of Illinois. In 1976, he moved to Madras University to start PG courses in anthropology. He also helped Tamil University to start a Centre for Tribal Research at Ooty, and he served on the  committee to select the first team of teachers in anthropology at Calicut University (Kerala) and later helped to consolidate the courses there by delivering some lectures in the initial years. After his  retirement at Madras University, he was invited by Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad, for commencing research work on the tribal problems of Andhra Pradesh and continues to be  an honorary professor in the institution.

Harsh Singh has a rich cross-institutional background. He served in the Indian Economic Service for a decade and in UNDP India (1992 to 2009) as Assistant Resident Representative and Programme Advisor. He now heads the consultancy, Market Solutions for Inclusion.

He has authored the books, Creating Vibrant Public-Private-Panchayat Partnership and Structural Innovation for Inclusive Development in Bihar: The Navodaya Shahar Model, both published by the Academic Foundation. 

Vinayak Vishnu Damle, Senior Adviser (Water Management), Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), is a Civil Engineering graduate from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. He has been working on the issue of rural sustainable water management for over 15 years. He leads the CII Dungarpur Initiative, a pilot model for the development of backward districts. 

Devilal Vyas is the Executive Director of the voluntary organisation Jan Shiksha Evam Vikas Sangathan (also known as People's Education and Development Organisation—PEDO). He has guided and supported the Government of Rajasthan, UNDP and various NGOs in their pro-poor policy and programme work.

Ramila Vyas is a co-founder of PEDO. She leads PEDO's activities in the areas of pro-poor livelihoods, women's empowerment and capacity building of PRI representatives.

Vishnu Bhagwat Khedkar is a Post Graduate in Agricultural Engineering and has worked for around a decade in the field of rural development with special focus on NRM-based livelihood. He was in-charge of the Dungarpur-based CII team that piloted the Public-Private-Community Partnership pilot in the district. He has also worked as a Co-Project Investigator for the Farmers Participatory Action Research Programme (FPARP) for demonstrating micro-irrigation techniques and efficient management of water resources for enhanced agricultural productivity.

The book is a comprehensive guide on all issues relating to infrastructure, bringing together the topic of infrastructure investment, project finance, public private partnership, with particular reference to road and power sectors. This volume will assist both lenders and investors in understanding and familiarising with all relevant issues related to infrastructure financing in India, and will serve as a source of immediate reference. My sincere appreciation to the authors for the excellent work done.
— S.C. Gupta, Director, Power Finance Corp. Ltd; former Director, Canara Bank and UCO Bank

Amareshwar Mishra (M.A. [English]; MBA and LL.M) started his career as a lecturer and then switched over to banking (UCO Bank). Working in different capacities, he retired as General Manager (Corporate Credit). He was awarded best urban trophy for performance twice, while he was the regional head and was made Convenor for mid-market segments and agriculture lending as well as parliamentary committees of the bank.

He has also worked in IIFCL as Chief General Manager (Credit). Presently, he is visiting professor of business schools across India. He has published numerous articles in various journals/bank's house journals and law journals, and other periodicals.

R.K. Mishra is ONGC Subir Raha Chair Prof-essor on corporate governance and Senior Professor and Director, Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE), Hyderabad. With PhD from the University of Rajasthan and a visiting fellow at London Business School, UK, he studied for International Teachers prog-ramme at SDA Bocconi, Milan, Italy. He has been a management consultant to PWC, DFID, Adam Smith Institute, ADB and Centre for Good Governance. He has supervised more than 50 doctoral researches from several universities and his areas of interest include: corporate governance, international management, technology management, PPP and corporate restructuring.

R.K. Mishra, Sr. Professor and Director, Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE), Hyderabad, India, is a graduate of International Management Program, SDA Boccioni, Milan.

He has been a Fellow of British Council and Commonwealth Secretariat and a Task Force Member on Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) by Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainable Development. He is a member of the UN Task Force on International Task Force on Standards of Excellence in Public Administration and Education and is associated with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) project on ‘Macro-Economics of Poverty Reduction’ carried out by RBI’s Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR). He has handled assignments for the Union Ministries of Finance, Power, Heavy Industries, Trade and Commerce, Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises, and Disinvestment. He has prolifically published many articles and books and conducted several training programmes in this area.

Ch. Lakshmi Kumari is Assistant Professor in the area of Economics at IPE, Hyderabad. She is a resource faculty to various MBA programmes. She is presently working on the database on State Level Public Enterprises. She has been associated with various research projects in the area of public enterprises and has organised a number of training programmes.

K. Srinivas is an assistant professor at IPE, Hyderabad. He has published more than 20 research papers in national and international journals of repute. He is Post Graduate in Economics from Andhra University and summer course in economics at CERGE–EL, Charles University, Czech Republic. His areas of interest includes applied economics with special reference to social and economic development, technology management and innovations, public enterprises, issues in development economics and public policy.

R.K. Mishra is ONGC Subir Raha Chair Professor on corporate governance and Senior Professor and Director, Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE), Hyderbad. With PhD from the University of Rajasthan and a visiting fellow at London Business School, UK, he studied for International Teachers programme at SDA Bocconi, Milan, Italy.

He has been a management consultant to PWC, DFID, Adam Smith Institute, ADB and Centre for Good Governance. He has supervised more than 50 doctoral researches from several universities and his areas of interest include corporate governance, international management, technology management, PPP and corporate restructuring. 

Srinivas Kolluru is Post Graduate in Economics from Andhra University, Waltair and Summer Course in Economics at CERGE-EI, Charles University, Czech Republic. Currently, he serves as an assistant professor at IPE, Osmania University Campus, Hyderabad. He has published more than 20 research papers in national and international journals of repute. His areas of interest includes: applied economics with special reference to social and economic development, technology management and innovation, globalisation and public enterprises, issues in development economics and public policy.

Jayasree Raveendran holds a Doctorate in Management from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, in the field of behavioural finance. As an assistant professor at IPE, Hyderabad, she is involved in teaching, training, research and consultancy at the institute. She is also the coordinator of the research division of the institute and works on collaborative research projects on identified thrust areas of management research. She works on designing on performance management systems in public sector enterprises and is on the editorial board of the Indian Journal of Corporate Governance. She has presented papers in a number of international conferences and has a number of research publications in refereed journals to her credit.

“This important collection of essays on India and Bangladesh helps understand functions, responsibilities and obligations of the providers of primary health care. In doing so, the authors note that decentralisation or devolution of functions, finances and functionaries in health care delivery has not happened in both the countries because of lack of social mobilisation. On the other hand, public-private partnership (PPP) in health care services may be a viable option. The NGO sector in Bangladesh has been quite successful in health care delivery, however, its heavy dependence thus far on external resources raise questions about the long term sustainability. In India, PPP is in nascent stage, but there is evidence that people are willing to pay for certain health care services, including access to essential drugs, thereby raising hope that some innovative variants of PPP may succeed.”
— Leela Visaria
Honorary Professor, Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad

"Important advances have been made in the provision of basic services to marginalized groups in recent years, but there remains an enormous gap between what is promised and what is actually delivered. One avenue for closing this gap entails implementing innovative strategies for strengthening the accountability mechanisms linking providers, citizens and the state. This impressive volume shows us how this might be done."
— Michael Woolcock
World Bank and Harvard University

“Public Health Care (PHC) is essentially a public sector responsibility, but continues to be neglected both in India and Bangladesh. The primary aim of this study is to shed light on the institutions and players to be involved in the efficient delivery of PHC. The Primary Health Care Centres (PHCC) can play an important role in creating awareness about health, sanitation and malnutrition, especially among expectant mothers and infants. An important suggestion emerging from this study is to make Panchayats and grassroot NGOs as primary channels for the delivery of PHC, in rural areas.”
— C.J. Shishoo
Honorary Director, B.V. Patel PERD Centre, Ahmedabad

Alia Ahmad worked as Associate Professor at the Department of Economics, University of Lund, Sweden, until 2009. She taught courses on development economics, gender studies, economic growth in South Asia, and water/sanitation/environment in developing countries. Her research concentrates on agriculture, rural development, population issues and recently, institutions and social capital related to education, health care and common-pool resources mainly in South Asian countries.

She has written books on agriculture and population growth in Bangladesh and recently, edited a book on community management of inland fisheries in Bangladesh and India.

N. Lalitha obtained her PhD through Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. She is a Professor of Economics at Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Her research focusses on development and trade issues. In the recent decade, she has been focussing on intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors. She has published in peer reviewed journals on issues relating to access to medicines and agri-biotechnology. She has co-edited a book on intellectual property, pharmaceuticals and public health.

T.V. Sekher is Associate Professor, Department of Population Policies and Programmes, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai.

Sumit Mazumdar is Fellow, Institute for Human Development (IHD), New Delhi.

M. Guruswamy is Professor & Head, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai.

Manik Lal Bose, received PhD from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Manila, the Philippines, and is currently working as Director (Research Coordination), Centre for Environmental Management and Participatory Development, Kolkata.

Therese Hindman-Persson, received PhD from Lund University, Sweden and is currently working as leader of the consulting division of Dovre Group PLC, Espoo Finland.

Rumi Aijaz is Senior Fellow at the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), New Delhi. His educational qualifications include a Master’s in Geography (Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1992) and Regional Planning (School of Planning and Architecture, 1994), and PhD in Urban Governance (School of Planning and Architecture, 2004). He has been a post-doctoral visiting fellow at the Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science (2006). He is also an associate member of the Institute of Town Planners, India. 

He has worked with the non-government organisation ‘Sanket’ (1994-95), and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (1996-1999 and 2004-05). He has also undertaken a study on gender for the Royal Netherlands Embassy (1996-97). During his education and professional career, he has been involved in numerous studies covering a range of social science topics such as urbanisation, transportation, socioeconomic and human development, ecology and physical environment, women empowerment and public health.

His writings and views on different urban topics have found place in leading world journals, including Habitat International (Elsevier) and Journal of Asian and African Studies (Sage), and acknowledged by prominent Indian and foreign institutions and news agencies. His book titled Democracy and Urban Governance in India (Academic Foundation, 2012) describes innovative urban policy measures and governance practices designed and introduced by the Indian government at local government level to address contemporary urban challenges. Another edited volume titled Global Urbanisation Experiences (Academic Foundation, 2013), comprises 10 papers contributed by experts from Asia, Europe, Latin America and USA on important urban topics such as city planning and design, transport system, world city network, energy management and social exclusion.

Govind Kelkar is a senior advisor to Landesa, India. She formerly headed Women’s Economic Empowerment Unit at UN Women, South Asia Office, New Delhi. She has authored and co-authored 12 books, 48 research papers, and has been a founder-editor of Gender, Technology and Development Journal.

Dev Nathan is professor at the Institute for Human Development, Delhi and Visiting Research Fellow at Duke University, USA. He is also an editor of the series: Development Trajectories in Global Value Chains.

E. Revathi is Professor at the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad, Telangana State. Her areas of research are: development studies, agriculture, gender studies and regional inequalities, with attention to land and women’s empowerment.

Swati Sain Gupta is an international development professional who has worked in and led several development organisations in Latin America, Europe and India. Currently she coordinates PLATFORMA, the network of European local and regional governments.

Changing Minds is authored by former Regional Director of UNICEF and FPP pioneer Cole P. Dodge, and award-winning Strategic Communication Specialist Gavin Bennett, with inputs from many other experts in health, planning, and communication from all corners of the world.        

Foreword
Authors’ Note
Preface
Acknowledgements

Section A

Introduction

1. Planning methods .
    The need to change
    Evolution or revolution?
    The way to change
    The big difference
    The “own-do” gap
    What doesn’t work
    This book
    Design and objective

2. Overview: What is FPP?
    Definition
    Process
    Empowerment
    Facilitation
    Further training
    What is it for?
    Who is it for?

3. Compelling evidence.
    Transformation at Makerere University in Uganda
    Context
    Enter FPP
    Outcomes
    Strengthening health research capacity in Kenya
    Context
    Enter FPP
    Outcomes
    Bridging the know-do gap in East Africa
    Context
    Enter FPP
    Outcomes
    Innovating public health training in Bangladesh
    Context
    Enter FPP
    Outcomes
    And more...
    Context
    Enter FPP
    Outcomes

Section B

The principles

4. The foundations
    Concept 1: Awareness and empowerment
    The all-stakeholders principle
    Concept 2: Learning by doing
    Discovering answers
    Concept 3: Visualisation
    The mental/physical bridge
    Concept 4: Creative group processes
    Building effective teams

5. Picking the people
    Task Force selection
    A political minefield
    Selection criteria
    Some key principles
    Variables
    Tailoring the Task Force
    FPP by professional peers
    The cutting-edge option
    Informing the Task Force
    Six key inputs

6. All about questions
    Incremental questions
    The only way
    Building teamwork
    Progressive transformation
    Questions drive that process
    Centrality of the question
    Mastering destinies
    Reading the picture
    Giving life to thought
    Types of questions
    An open and shut case
    Qualities of a good question
    The aim sets the design

7. Do’s and don’ts
    The group
    The sessions
    The process
    The rationale
    Jargon busting
    Knowledge sharing versus teaching
    Leadership versus pecking order
    Advantages
    Challenges

Section C 

Techniques

8. Tuning the talk
    Forming
    Storming
    Norming
    Performing

9. Games and exercises
    Generic elements
    Most-effective exercises
    Introduction and ice breaking
    Communication
    Concentration
    Group dynamics
    Problem solving
    Perception
    Decision-making strategies
    Assessment exercises
    Teamwork
    Take-offs and landings
    Nutcrackers

10. Seeing what you have said
      Visualisation
      The card system
      Steps
      Notes
      Emerging technology
      Zing
      MindManager

11. Walking the talk
     Group dynamics
     Plenary
     Working groups
     Presentations
     Expert witnesses
     Filling the gaps
     A deeper look
     Bridging differences
     Commissioned studies
      Literature review
      Surveys
      Mapping
      Comparator visits
      Best practices
      Centres of excellence
      Field visits
      Broader perspective
      Sounding board
      Test driving the plan

12. Other tools
      Leadership
      The practices of leading and managing
      The Challenge model
      Productive conversations
      The Value Web
      Pattern language

    Section D 

     In practice

13. Physical set-ups
      The working space

14. Know thy group
      Working with professionals
      People profiles
      Key factors
      Rapport
      Strategy
      Preparation
      Optimism
      Reflexes
      Respect
      Neutrality
      Control

15. Planning a programme
      The main steps
      The project
      The people
      Process preparation
      Session preparation
      Timings
      The product
      Fund-raising strategy
      Implementation strategy
      Start to finish

16. Phases of the session
      Introductions
      Positive attitudes
      Hardcore information
      Final focus

17. Charting the process
      Introductions
      Substantive sessions
      Preparation
      Content delivery
      Attitude
      Approaches
      Communication skills
      Template for a retreat
      Materials
      Parallel operations
      Evaluation
      Report preparation
      Meeting reports
      The Plan

Section E

Delving deeper

18. Frequently asked questions

19. The makings of a facilitator
      Proficiency level
      Special aptitudes
      Training
      The foundations
      The training process
      Course content
      Outline
      Five-day template
      Preliminaries
      Process
      References/selective bibliography

Sponsors and Partners
Preface
Introduction: Mapping

CHAPTER 1: The World - Dharavi

CHAPTER 2: Poonawalla - a Walk on PV New Chawl

CHAPTER 3: Density and Infrastructure

CHAPTER 4: Production

CHAPTER 5: Family and Housing

CHAPTER 6: Organisation and Sustainability

UNITED NATIONS

Explanatory notes

Overview

      Beyond recovery: addressing the social crisis
      The continuing social crisis
      Addressing the crisis: the way forward
      Role of government
      Focus on employment growth
      Need for social protection
      Poverty and food security
      Rethinking social policy

I. The global economic crisis: causes and transmission
    Impact, response and recovery
    International response averts deeper recession
    Recovery: tepid, uneven and uncertain
    Background
    United States crisis becomes global
    Trade
    Tourism
    International finance
    Development aid
    Remittances
    Concluding remarks:bleak prospects for
         social development

II. The Great Recession and the jobs crisis
     Employment impacts
     Informal and vulnerable employment
     Working poor
     Impact of the crisis on wages and salaries
     Adverse impacts on demographic and social groups
     Impacts on household dynamics and human development
    Concluding remarks: the jobs crisis persists

III. Incomes, poverty and well-being
     The context of the crisis
     Income poverty
     Health
     Education
     Impact of crises on social indicators
     Evidence from previous crises
     The impact of the food crisis
     Much depends on the pace of recovery
     Social integration and crime
     Concluding remarks: full impact unfolding

IV. The global food crises
      Food prices remain volatile and high
      Social impacts of the food crisis
      Underlying causes of the global food price spike
      Speculation in commodity futures
      Higher energy prices and demand for biofuels
      Trade liberalization
      Long-term problems
     Other longer-term trends
     U-turn in Washington?
     Concluding remarks: urgent action needed

V. Crises, fiscal space and national response
     Impact on fiscal space
     Effects on social spending
     Education spending
     Spending on health and social protection
     Spending on infrastructure and agriculture
     Policy responses to the crisis: an overview
     Social protection and labour market measures
     Policy responses to the food crisis
     Concluding remarks: policy space is crucial

VI. International responses
     Crisis response of the Group of Twenty
     Responses of the International Monetary Fund
     Policy responses to the food crisis
     Concluding remarks: a balance between stimulus and austerity

Bibiliography

M. Ramachandran is Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Member of the Indian Administrative Service since 1972, Dr. Ramachandran has handled several international assignments. He was the First National Officer selected to be on deputation to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), India, during 1986-1992. He was Principal Secretary, School Education in Uttaranchal and Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister before elevating to the position of Chief Secretary. He was identified as the “Infrastructure Man” in the state of Uttaranchal. As Secretary, MoUD, since November 2006, he is steering the implementation of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in addition to many other city reform programmes.

Sameer Kochhar, Chief Editor and CEO, Skoch Consultancy Services is an industry veteran with a multifaceted career spanning over two and a half decades. He is Chief Editor of Inclusion—a quarterly publication focused on development issues, and President of Skoch Development Foundation—a section 25 company, and has been passionately working towards promoting participatory democracy, empowerment and bringing improvement in delivery systems. He is considered to be one of the most respected independent voices on inclusive development and citizenship issues in India. He is member of several expert groups and committees, and his research opinion and writings have shaped many a public policy dialogue. He has recently published with Academic Foundation, New Delhi, two edited books entitled: Financial Inclusion and Infrastructure and Governance.

Introduction 
Sameer Kochhar

1. e-Governance Initiatives
    Service Level Benchmarks for ULBs
    e-Governance Initiatives from Select Cities
    Lessons learned from International e-Governance Practices

2. Implementing Urban Reforms
    11th Five-Year Plan
    Ministry of Urban Development Initiative
    Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
    Capital Investment Requirement for the Mission Cities
    Scope for Public-Private Partnerships
    Way Forward

3. Urban Local Governments: The Reform Agenda
    Urban Planning
    Chennai Master Plan 2026: A Role Model
    Experiences of Other Cities
    Municipal Finances
    Additional Central Assistance
    Accessing the Capital Market
    Credit Worthiness of ULBs
    Project Implementation
    Role of the Private Sector
    Sustainable Local Self-Governance
    Conclusion

4. Urban Mobility
    National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP)
    Need for a National Policy
    Investing in Urban Transport
    The Success of Delhi Metro

5. Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas
    The Overall Scenario
    Urban Water Supply
    Water Quality
    Investment during Plans
    11th Five Year Plan Projections Issues
    Service Level Benchmarks

6. Benchmarking Urban Services
    Need for Service Level Benchmarks
    Performance Parameters for Basic Urban Services
    Roles of Different Stakeholders
    Limitations and Challenges in Implementing Performance 
       Management Systems Using SLBs

Sameer Kochhar is President of Skoch Development Foundation, which is a leading think tank on digital, social and financial inclusion issues in India. He has been passionately working towards promoting participatory democracy, empowerment, and bringing improvements in delivery systems. He is CEO, Skoch Consultancy Services, and is an industry veteran with a multifaceted career spanning over two and a half decades. He is India strategy and management consultant to several Fortune 500 as well as large Indian companies for over a decade. He is also Chief Editor of Inclusion — a quarterly publication focused on development economics issues. He is considered to be one of the most respected independent voices on inclusive development and citizenship issues in India. He is a member of several expert groups and committees and his research opinion and writings have shaped many a public policy dialogue. He has published several widely acclaimed books, namely Infrastructure and Governance (2008); Financial Inclusion (2009); Urban Renewal: Policy and Response (2009); Speeding Financial Inclusion (2009 and India on the Growth Turnpike: Essays in Honour of Vijay L. Kelkar (2010).

M. Ramachandran, Ph.D. and M.Phil. in economic planning from University of Glasgow, UK, is Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Member of the Indian Administrative Service since 1972, Dr. Ramachandran has handled several national and international assignments. He was First National Officer selected to be on deputation to United Nations Develop-ment Programme (UNDP), India during 1986-1992. He was Principal Secretary, School Education in Uttaranchal and Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister before eleva-ting to the position of Chief Secretary. He was identified as the “Infrastructure Man” in the state of Uttaranchal where he took several new initiatives covering public-private partnership projects. As Secretary, MoUD, since November 2006, he is steering the implementation of JNNURM. He is a recipient of Skoch Challenger Award recognising his contribution to urban development and JNNURM. He has recently authored two widely acclaimed books: An Alternative Approach to Project Planning in Public Works: The Indian Context (2009), and Urban Renewal and Policy Response (2009; edited by Sameer Kochhar). 

Bibek Debroy is Distinguished Fellow, Skoch Development Foundation, an economist and currently Research Professor, Centre for Policy Research, and Contributing Editor, Indian Express group. He has worked in teaching and research institutes, for the government, and an industry chamber. He is the author of several popular articles, papers and books. His interests include law reform and indology.

Nitin Desai, a graduate of London School of Economics (LSE), taught economics at two U.K. universities, worked briefly in the private sector, had a long stint as a government official in India and then joined the UN in 1990. In India, he joined the Planning Commission in 1973, and worked there till 1988. Later he joined the Ministry of Finance as the Chief Economic Advisor (1988-1990). In the UN, which he joined in 1990, he was Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. After his retirement, he has been involved in a variety of public policy activities nationally and internationally. He is a member of the National Security Advisory Board and the Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change. He is a Distinguished Fellow of TERI and an Honorary Fellow of the LSE. He writes a monthly column in the Business Standard.

Gursharan Dhanjal, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. from Delhi University and an expert in strategic affairs, is Editor & COO, Skoch Consultancy Services. He is the Editor of Inclusion—a quarterly publication that focuses on development and inclusive growth issues. He has over 20 years of working experience ranging from academics to research and business journalism to consulting. He started his career as a Lecturer and taught at Delhi University for five years before joining Asia Business News (India)–Dow Jones, a premier broadcaster of business and financial news during mid-90s. He also worked for CNBC for over two years during the late-90s. He has led various research projects and field studies in financial inclusion, e-Governance and ICT for development that included traversing across the country collecting citizen voices for over eight years now. He also leads the video case study projects. His areas of expertise include research, and rich media content. A prolific writer, Dr. Dhanjal has contributed over 200 columns in leading national dailies, research papers in several journals of repute and authored a widely acclaimed book entitled: Tarapur: The Politics of Nuclear Age. He has recently published another book in association with Sameer Kochhar entitled Infrastructure and Governance. He has contributed chapters in various books and is a regular speaker at various public fora and institutions including IIT-Delhi and Delhi University where he is also a visiting faculty. He is also Member, Course Preparation Team, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University.

P.V. Indiresan taught in the IIT system for 40 years and was Director, IIT Madras. He was awarded the top prize of the Inventions Promotion Board, Government of India twice. He has been President of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers and of the Indian National Academy of Engineering. He has been awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Indian Institute of Science and an Honorary D.Sc. by the Karnataka Technical University as well as the rare distinction of being made the Honorary Member by the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers, USA. He was also awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India. Prof. Indiresan has published two books, Managing Development: Decentralisation, Geographical Socialism and Urban Replication (1990) and, Vision 2020: What India can be and how to make it happen. He has chapters in over 30 books and is also a regular contributor to newspapers, and has a bi-weekly column Vision 2020 in the national daily—Hindu Business Line.

Vijay L. Kelkar is an economist and academic, who is currently the Chairman of the Forum of Federations, Ottawa and India Development Foundation, New Delhi and Chairman of the 13th Finance Commission (January 2010). He was earlier Advisor to the Minister of Finance (2002-2004), and is known for his role in economic reforms in India. Prior to this, he remained Finance Secretary and Petroleum Secretary, Government of India. In 1999, he was nominated as Executive Director of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri Lanka on the board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). His contribution to fiscal policy reforms, tax reforms and petroleum sector reforms has had a far-reaching impact on the macro reforms process and growth of the country. He was recently conferred the Skoch Challenger Award for Lifetime Achievement in recognition of his contributions leading to reform and growth acceleration. His writings provide an insight into some current and critical macroeconomic and finance issues. These cover a broad set of topics, among them fiscal, monetary and external sector policies, drivers of economic growth, infrastructure, financial inclusion and education.

Nandan Nilekani is currently the Chairman of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) in the rank and status of a Cabinet Minister, Government of India. He was most recently the co-chairman of the Board of Directors of Infosys Technologies Limited, which he co-founded in 1981. Serving as director on the company’s board since its inception till July 2009, he has held various posts at Infosys, including Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, President, and Chief Operating Officer. Nilekani co-founded India’s National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) as well as the Bangalore chapter of The IndUS Entrepreneurs (TiE). He is a member of the board of governors of the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) and President of National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER). He was awarded one of India’s highest civilian honours, the Padma Bhushan, in 2006. In 2006, he was also named Businessman of the Year by Forbes Asia. Time magazine listed him as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2006 and 2009.

K.K. Pandey is currently holding the position of Chairperson of Centre for Urban Studies at Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi with his three decades of research and training experience on urban finance, public private partnerships on urban infrastructure, local government management and capacity building, urban housing, slum improvement, local economic development and leadership and management. Prof. Pandey holds a Ph.D in economics with specialisation on municipal fiscal instruments and also has P.G. Diploma from Institute of Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS), Rotterdam, Advance Course on Urban Management from University of Birmingham, U.K., and internet-based course on municipal finance (UN-ESCAP). He also has been a member of UN Expert Committees on Leadership and Management (2002), Pro-poor PPP (2003), Integrated Water Management (2005), Gender and Urban Governance (2007) and Institutional Development for UN International Urban Training Centre (2009). He has also has been a member of committees set up by RBI (2006), NSSO (2007), XI Plan sub-group (2007) and high level Indian delegation UN HABITAT (2005) and team of professionals on Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (2007).

Hari Sankaran is the Managing Director and CEO of Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (IL&FS). After completing his Masters in Economics from the LSE, Sankaran developed a career in the areas of project finance, infrastructure development and management, regulation and public policy. His primary interest has been to understand the relationship between communities, infrastructure development and economic growth. He was recently conferred the Skoch Challenger Award for his contributions to education sector and infrastructure development.

N.C. Saxena, Member, National Advisory Council is Distinguished Fellow, Skoch Development Foundation, New Delhi. A Rockefeller Foundation Fellow, he obtained his Ph.D. from University of Oxford, U.K. He specialises in rural development, natural resource management, rural livelihoods, poverty alleviation, watershed and drinking water, governance, decentralisation and people’s participation. A member of Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Dr. Saxena recently retired as Secretary, Planning Commission, Government of India. He was earlier, Secretary, Rural Development, Government of India, and was Director, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Musoorie. Author of repute, he has contributed several research papers to various international journals, and has written several widely acclaimed books. He is currently engaged as Consultant with UNICEF, World Bank, UNDP, European Union, GTZ, ADB and DFID, working on projects ranging from village planning, evaluation of urban poverty programmes, reforms in public distribution system, water and sanitation, land management and so on.

Naveen Surya, Managing Director, ItzCash Card Limited has been one of the guiding forces in the conception of Intrex India. He brings with him over nine years of global exposure and the latest in management and business practices from his stint with several domestic and international firms. Prior to joining Intrex India, Surya was associated with TCS for four years where he worked on various projects for organisations and institutions including Director General Shipping (India), ACC, GE Capital (U.K.) and UBS (Japan). An innovative thinker driven by clarity of vision, he believes in the maxim “Keep things simple for the customer”. Under his stewardship, ItzCash is today one of the only “Multi Purpose Prepaid Cash Card” and the leader in this sector offering a portfolio of customised e-commerce and m-commerce solutions in the B2B and B2C space. He is an associate member of the ICSI (CS). After completing his L.L.B, he did his MBA (Finance) from Mumbai University.

S.S. Tarapore, Distinguished Fellow, Skoch Development Foundation, has a B.A. (Economics) from Sheffield University (1958) and M.Sc. (Economics) from London University (1960). He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causa from Sheffield University (1996). He joined the Reserve Bank of India in 1961 as Research Officer, and retired in 1996 as Deputy Governor. He was on deputation from 1971-1979, first in the IMF Research Department and subsequently under the IMF Central Banking Service with the Bank of Mauritius as Advisor to the Governor. He has chaired a number of official committees including the Committee on Capital Account Convertibility (1997), the Unit Trust of India Inquiry (2001), the Committee on Procedures and Performance Audit of Public Services (2004-05) and the Committee on Fuller Capital Account Convertibility (2006). He was a member of the Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (1998) and the Advisory Group on Transparency of Monetary Policy (2000).

Chetan Vaidya is the Director of National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) since February 2008. He has over 30 years of experience in urban planning, finance and management. He is working very closely with the MoUD, Government of India on various urban issues and assisting various city and state governments in implementating reforms under the JNNURM. Prof. Vaidya is coordinating a large number of urban studies including City Cluster Economic Development in National Capital Region of Delhi, Sustainable City Form for India, Property Tax Reforms, etc. Prior to joining NIUA, he was working as Deputy Project Leader, Indo-USAID Financial Institutions Reform and Expansion (FIRE) Programme, and he extensively worked on the model municipal law, municipal bonds, municipal resource mobilisation and community-based toilet project.

Hitesh Vaidya is Senior Municipal Development Specialist at Indo-US (FIRE-D) Project. He has experience in the field of project management, financial management, local government finance and urban management. His primary responsibilities at the FIRE project are: programme management, which covers project identification, project documentation, and developing institutional arrangements. He provided technical assistance to the MoUD in finalising the National Mission Mode Project on e-Governance in Municipalities with the objective to facilitate decentralisation, transparency and introduction of accountability in the urban sector. He has also provided technical assistance and capacity-building support to several urban local bodies to institute significant financial, fiscal and management reforms, including improving tax collection, computerising records and strengthening financial management. These reforms laid the groundwork for cities to successfully implement urban infrastructure projects focusing on the poor, access to capital markets, and obtain private sector participation in the delivery of urban services.

Harsh Singh has a rich cross-institutional background. He served in the Indian Economic Service for a decade which included a tenure in the Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India. He served in UNDP India from 1992 to 2009. As Assistant Resident Representative, he led various Divisions such as Strategic Planning, Pro-poor Livelihoods and Private Sector Partnership. He also served as an advisor in the High Level Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. He now heads the Centre on Market Solutions to Poverty at the International Management Institute, New Delhi.

List of Tables, Boxes and Annexures
Foreword
Preface

1. Introduction.
  1.1 Background
  1.2 Case Studies
  1.3 Recommendations: An Overview

2. Haryali Kisaan Bazaar in Ladwa, Kurukshetra: A Case Study on PPPP
  2.1 Background
  2.2 Focus Group Discussions with Sarpanches
  2.3 Opportunity for a PPPP-based Organised Rural Service Enterprise Model
  2.4 Key Lessons from this Case Study

3. Dungarpur Public-Private-Community Partnership (PPCP)
    Initiative of CII: A Case Study on PPCP 23
  3.1 Background
  3.2 Overview of CII Activities in Dungarpur
  3.3 CII’s New PPCP Model
  3.4 Institutional Mechanisms
  3.5 Key Lessons from this Case Study

4. Craft-based Rural Business Hub Initiative 
     in Bastar: A Case Study
  4.1 Background
  4.2 The Bastar Crafts-based RBH
  4.3 Key Lessons from this Case Study

5. Towards an Organised PPPP-based Rural Service Enterprise Model 
  5.1 The Need for a Robust Local Development Framework
  5.2 PPPP-based Rural Service Enterprise Model
  5.3 Concluding Remarks

6. Inclusive Growth through Inclusive Governance:
    The Role of the Panchayati Raj

  6.1 People’s Perception of the Panchayati Raj
        —The 2008 NCAER Survey
  6.2 Views of Other Stakeholders
  6.3 The Policy Landscape for Empowerment of PRIs
  6.4 Trend of Discussions in the Decentralisation Community of

         the UN’s Solutions Exchange Initiative
  6.5 Some Policy Issues Emerging from this Study
  6.6 Concluding Comments

Annexures

NATIONAL KNOWLEDGE COMMISSION,
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,
NEW DELHI.

Foreword
Terms of Reference and Organisation
Members
Methodology

I Access

1. Right to Education

2. Language

3. Translation

4. Libraries

5. Knowledge Network

6. Health Information Network

7. Portals

II Concepts

8. School Education

9. Vocational Education

10. Higher Education

11. Medical Education

12. Legal Education

13. Management Education

14. Engineering Education

15. Open and Distance Education

16. Open Educational Resources

17. More Talented Students in Maths and Science

18. More Quality Ph.Ds

III Creation

19. National Science and Social Science Foundation

20. Legal Framework for Public Funded Research

21. Intellectual Property Rights

22. Innovation in India

23. Entrepreneurship in India

IV Applications

24. Traditional Health Systems

25. Agriculture

26. Enhancing Quality of Life

V Services

27. E-governance

VI Consultations

Consultations

Dr. Amitava Mukherjee is currently the Senior Project Expert at the United Nations Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Bangkok. Prior to which he was the Head of the United Nations Asian and Pacific Centre for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery, Beijing, China and Regional Advisor on Poverty Reduction and Chief Technical Advisor on Public Private Partnership, at UNESCAP, Bangkok. He has advised governments and/or its agencies and non-governmental organisations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Philippines, Pakistan, Timor-Leste, Sri Lanka and Central Asian countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and South Caucasian countries (Armenia and Georgia). Earlier he had worked extensively at the ground level in India and China and in the horn of Africa.
He has over 30 years of direct development experience especially in eliminating poverty and hunger; sustainable agriculture; community based planning; participatory development. He has a large number of professional reports, articles/papers and has over 35 books to his credit. He was the Team Leader of the Inter-divisional Task Force of UNESCAP which produced the Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Asia and the Pacific, 2009, (Bangkok, United Nations) for the 65th Annual Commission Session of United Nations Economic & Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.

List of Tables, Figures and Annexures 
Acknowledgments
Introduction

Part I
Organisation and Institutional Development

1. Application of PLA Methods in Human Resources Development:
    Assessing Knowledge and Attitude Gap of Rural Development
    Administrators in India

2. Developing Mission, Vision and Values and Identity of a
    Development Organisation Through Participatory
    Learning and Action Methods

3. Training Needs Assessment Through Participatory Methods

4. Retreat of Ministers, Secretaries and Civil Society Actors
    on Capacity Building for Decentralised Administration

Part II
Action Research

5. Inter-Sectoral Strategy: Need or Fad? An 
    Investigation through Participatory Methods

6. Micro-Level Hunger in Contemporary 
    India:Perspectives of the Hungry

7. Participatory Poverty Assessment

8. Global Concerns: Loss in Biodiversity and its
    Impact on Agriculture Assessed Through
    Participatory Methods

9. Livelihoods, Eco-Tourism and Conflict in Sharing
    Natural Resources:The Case of Keoladeo Ghana 
    National Park—An Analysis from the 
    Stakeholders’ Perspectives

Part III
Policy Analysis

10. Voices of the Poor for Review of Poverty
      Reduction Strategy Paper for Armenia

11. The Voice of the People: Enhanced Citizen Participation
      in Electoral Processes Through Participatory Learning
      and Action in Armenia

12. A Note on Concluding Remarks and
      Brief Policy Conclusions

H.S. Shylendra is a Professor at Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA). He has done his Ph.D in Economics at the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Banga-lore. His areas of interests are rural development, sustainable livelihood, microfinance, rural finance and governance. He has published a book: Diversification and Sustainable Rural Livelihood (2005), two monographs and several papers in well known journals. He is a member of the editorial team of International Journal of Rural Management. He has carried out consulting and research assignments for many NGOs and other organisations like NABARD, RBI, SBI, SIDBI, SDC and Development Fund.

Kishore Bhirdikar holds a M.Phil. from Pune University. He is currently working as a research associate in the MFMI Chair in Microfinance at IRMA since November 2004. Prior to joining IRMA, he worked with National Institute of Bank Management and BAIF Development Research Foundation. His research interest includes rural development, informal sector labour and microfinance.

S. Chandrasekhar is Assistant Professor at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. He completed his Ph.D. in economics from The Pennsylvania State University. He has been awarded the Fred H. Bixby Fellowship (2007-2008) by the Population Council. His current research focuses on trends in poverty among Indian children and adolescents and the multidimensional aspects of urban poverty.

Jos Chathukulam is the Director of Centre for Rural Management, Kottayam, Kerala. After obtaining Ph.D in Development Administration from ISEC, Chathukulam worked for two years as a research associate at the School of International Relations, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. Since the establishment of the Centre for Rural Management in 1990, he has been serving as its Director. His areas of interest include rural development, rural local government and decentralisation.

T.M. Joseph is currently Reader and Head, Department of Political Science, Newman College, Thodupuzha, Kerala. He did his doctoral studies at the ISEC, Bangalore. Dr. Joseph is the recipient of the Fr. T.A. Mathias National Award for Innovative College Teachers (2001). He is interested in studies of decentralisation, ethnic relations and electoral systems. He has authored a book and several research papers in leading journals.

Anirudh Krishna has a Ph.D. in Government from Cornell University and masters degrees in International Development and Economics from Cornell University and the Delhi School of Economics, respectively. He had authored and co-authored many books. His current and previous research interests include social capital, comparative decentralisation, political participation, poverty reduction and local institutional development. Krishna is currently Assistant Professor of Public Policy Studies and Faculty Advisor of Hart Fellows Program at Duke University.

Aswini Kumar Mishra is an ICSSR Doctoral Fellow, Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies, Bhubaneswar, Orissa. His research interests include economic reform and social security, measures of human development and correlates and determinants of poverty.

M.V. Nadkarni retired as the Vice-Chancellor of Gulbarga University. He was earlier a Professor of Agricultural Economics and Ecological Economics at ISEC, Bangalore. He is a co-founder and acting Vice President of the Indian Society for Ecological Economics. He is author of nearly 100 research papers published in professional journals and also 22 books and major reports. Currently, he is a Honorary Visiting Fellow at ISEC.

Reema Nanavaty having succeeded in joining the Indian Administrative Service, stepped out to directly work with the poor women of the Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), Ahmedabad. She was elected as SEWA’s General Secretary in 1999 and currently manages US$ 6 million strong economic activities of SEWA through a federation of 100 cooperatives, 9 district associations, and a direct outlet of 12000 artisans. She has written several papers on women, water and rural development based on her experience with SEWA.

Sakti Padhi is Professor of Economics, Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies, Bhubaneswar, Orissa. His research interests include political economy of agrarian changes, rural labour markets, health economics, poverty and human development. He is a member of the Poverty Task Force of the Government of Orissa.

Jitesh Panda is a Development Practitioner with over 13 years of experience in microfinance and livelihood sector in India. After having worked for over nine years with a field based NGO called Vikash, Panda promoted Shristi, an NGO working on livelihood and microfinance issues in Orissa. Besides being on the Board of Shristi, Panda is at present working as a Senior Consultant with Catalyst Management Services, Bangalore. Panda holds a Post Graduate Diploma in Rural Management from IRMA and has done his degree in Fishery Science from Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology.

Aditi Pany works with Ashoka, a global not-for-profit organisation, on an initiative that catalyses business-social partnerships to address critical needs of low income communities. She has completed her Masters in Economics and Bachelor of Engineering from the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani. In addition to writings on governance, Aditi has contributed to a report titled, Social Safety Nets in India: Contemporary Issues for the International Food Policy Research Institute. She was awarded the Global 30 under 30 for All Round Leadership in 2005.

D. Rajasekhar is Professor and Head, Decentralisation and Development Unit, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. He has done his doctoral studies at Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram and has authored several books and papers on NGOs, decentralisation and rural development.

Jayanti S. Ravi is a civil servant belonging to the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and has worked in the development sector in New Delhi and Gujarat. She has contributed to the Education sector as the Commissioner of Schools and the Chairperson of the State Board of Secondary Education, Gujarat. She has a Masters degree in Nuclear Physics. She is a performing vocalist in Indian music and has also been a column writer for a leading fortnightly in India. She was a Mason Fellow and graduated from the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University in 2007. Most recently, she was appointed Director of the National Advisory Council, a national level think-tank in New Delhi.

J. Ravi Shanker is an International Consultant in the field of Social Development. After completing his Masters from MS University, Baroda, in 1990, he joined UTTHAN, an NGO, as coordinator for social afforestation programme and assisted in establishing a local NGO named Mahiti in coastal Gujarat. In 1995, he joined N.M. Sadguru Water and Development Foundation (SWDF), Dahod, heading the Department of Environment, Forestry and Horticulture. From 2001 onwards, he worked as a freelance consultant for about five years with various national and international projects in India and Africa focusing on areas like organisational development, strategic planning, capacity building and action research. Currently he is working with Advanced Transfusion Medicine Research Foundation, Ahmedabad as its Director.

Abusaleh Shariff is a Chief Economist and heads the Human Development Division of the NCAER since 1994. Shariff did his doctoral work at the Australian National University at Canberra and Post-doctoral research work from the Economic Growth Centre, Yale University, USA. A recipient of the Rockefeller Foundation International Family Fellowship for research at Yale University during 1991-92, his recent accomplishments include publication of India: Human Development Report (1999), and a series of 16 state reports in four volumes. He was selected as one of the India Today Magazine faces of millennium (Economist) in the January 2000 issue.

Sameer Kochhar is President of Skoch Development Foundation—a not-for-profit Section 25 company—and has been passionately working towards promoting participatory democracy, empowerment and bringing improvements in delivery systems. He is CEO, Skoch Consultancy Services and is an industry veteran with a multifaceted career spanning over two and a half decades. He has been India strategy and management consultant to several Fortune 500 as well as large Indian companies for over a decade. He is also Chief Editor of Inclusion—a quarterly publication focused on development economics issues. He is considered to be one of the most respected independent voices on inclusive development and citizenship issues in India. He is a member of several expert groups and committees and his research opinions and writings have shaped many a public policy dialogue. He is also a Member of the Expert Group constituted by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India advocating a case for strengthening of Panchayati Raj Institutions (village councils), and urban local bodies. He has written extensively on areas of emerging management practices, mergers and acquisitions, Indian IT industry, e-Governance, Panchayati Raj, and, ICT for development. He has recently published with Academic Foundation, New Delhi, three widely acclaimed books titled: Infrastructure and Governance (2008); Financial Inclusion (2009); and, Urban Renewal: Policy and Response (2009).

Acknowledgements 
Abbreviations 
Preface by C. Rangarajan
Introduction by K.C. Chakrabarty

1. Why This Study

2. Financial Inclusion and Poverty Alleviation
    The Reality of Financial Exclusion
    Experience with Credit Programmes
    Needs of the Poor
    Towards an Enabling Environment

3. Setting the Stage for Financial Inclusion
    Role of Microfinance
    Steps Towards Financial Inclusion—Demand Side
    Committee on Financial Inclusion
    RBI Takes the Lead
    The Next Steps?

4. What is the Cost of Financial Access?
    Breakeven Analysis

5. Converting Financial Access to Financial Inclusion
    Inclusive Economics, Inclusive Governance
    Financial Literacy
    Meeting Credit Needs
    Insurance for All
    Catering to MSMEs
    North-east Region
    FI in Urban Areas

6. Summary of Stakeholder Discussions
    Business Scan
    Regulatory Issues
    Technology Scan
    Looking Ahead

7. Conclusion and Recommendations
    Key Recommendations

8. Case Studies
    Bank of Baroda
    Canara Bank
    Corporation Bank
    LIC—Jeevan Madhur
    Punjab National Bank
    The Zero Platform
    Wadi Project

Annexures

Sameer Kochhar, Chief Editor and CEO, Skoch Consultancy Services is an industry veteran and management consultant with a multifaceted career spanning over two and a half decades. He is considered to be one of the most respected independent voices on inclusive development and citizenship issues in India. He has written extensively on areas of Panchayati Raj, e-governance, ICT for development and Indian IT industry.

R. Chandrashekhar is Special Secretary in the Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India, where he is principally responsible for drawing up national policy, strategy and action plan for e-Governance and for co-ordination of national plans and programmes for e-Governance. As head of the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation, he led the trans-formation of this public sector undertaking into a key instrumentality of the state government in structuring public-private partnerships in the infrastructure sector.

K.C. Chakrabarty is Chairman and Managing Director, Punjab National Bank (PNB). Earlier he was Chairman and Managing Director, Indian Bank where he spearheaded the National Pilot Project on Financial Inclusion at Puducherry. His expertise includes corporate strategic planning, asset-liability management system, electronic payment systems and risk management system. PNB, under his stewardship has launched as many as 20 financial inclusion projects.

Deepak B. Phatak is Subrao M. Nilekani Chair Professor at Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, India. He has been an eminent consultant and advisor to many organisations on various issues related to Information Technology. In the financial sector, he has been involved in a major effort by Industrial Development Bank of India, and has been an I.T. advisor to the State Bank of India for several years. He works on several committees advising Government departments on issues related to computerisation.

Alok Bhardwaj, Senior Vice President, Canon India is responsible for marketing and building the Canon brand as well as augmenting growth in the company’s sales and channel base in India. An industry veteran with over 22 years of experience, he has led brand building and consumer marketing initiatives across diverse businesses and industries like consumer durables, telecom and IT. Under his leadership, Canon India was awarded the “President’s Award” for highest growth in Asia in Digital Camera segment in 2005 from its parent company Canon Inc.

Anurag Gupta is CEO, ZERO-Mass Foundation. He has been harnessing ICTs by leveraging non-standard new-generation technologies—specifically, RFID, smart cards and NFC (near-field communication) mobile phones—to create a unique micro-banking model. The larger objective is to set up a branchless micro-bank in every Indian village. It has 11 partner banks, which as a group has 90 million customers countrywide.

B. Sambamurthy, Chairman and Managing Director, Corporation Bank, is a Chartered Accountant and has over 30 years of experience in banking. He has led responsibilities in the areas of forex, treasury, information technology, human resources management and organisations restructuring. He has also held various positions in several committees of RBI like Export Advisory Committee, Standing Committee on Forex Clearing and Committee on Reporting System.

Bimalendu Chakrabarti is Chairman and Managing Director, New India Assurance Co. Ltd. A Chartered Accountant by training, he has over 30 years of experience in the insurance industry. He had earlier served as CMD of National Insurance Co. Ltd. He is director on the board of GIC Housing Finance; Alfalaval (India) Ltd; India International Insurance Pte Ltd; and, Chairman of Trinidad & Tobago Insurance Company, Port of Spain.

C.B. Bhave is Chairman, Securities and Exchange Board of India. A member of Indian Administrative Service (1975-batch) from Maharashtra cadre, he was the Executive Director in-charge of the secondary and later the primary markets between 1992 and 1996. It was during his stint in SEBI that badla was banned. As founder and Managing Director of the National Securities Depositories Limited (NSDL) since it inception in 1996, Bhave ensured that all transactions in the market become paperless. More than 99.9 per cent of the settlement in Indian stock exchanges is in paperless form now.

D. Tarafdar, Executive Director, Life Insurance Corporation holds a Master Degree in Physics. He joined LIC in the year 1981 and has worked with Information Technology department for 21 years. From 2004 to 2007 he has worked as Chief (IT). In the year 2007 he assumed charge as Executive Director (CRM), LIC. His interests include art and literature.

Gursharan Dhanjal, M.Phil. and Ph.D. from Delhi University is Executive Vice President, Skoch Consultancy Services. He is an expert in strategic affairs. He is also the Editor of Inclusion, a quarterly publication that focuses on development issues. He has over 17 years of working experience ranging from academics to research and business journalism to consulting. He has taught at Delhi University and has worked for Asia Business News—Dow Jones and CNBC for several years. He has led various research projects in e-Governance and ICT for development that included traversing across the country collecting citizen voices for over eight years now. He also leads the video case study projects. His areas of expertise include research, and rich media content. A prolific writer, Dr. Dhanjal has written over 200 columns in various national dailies and several journals of repute in addition to authoring a widely acclaimed book entitled Tarapur: The Politics of Nuclear Age. This, in addition to a recently published edited book entitled: Infrastructure and Governance. He is also a Visiting Faculty and Member, Course Preparation Team at Indira Gandhi National Open University and Department of Political Science, University of Delhi.

H. Krishnamurthy, is Principal Research Scientist at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has a BE (Hons.) from Madras University and ME from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has more than 30 years of experience in teaching, research and consulting. His areas of interest includes: communication and networking and Internet technologies. He has been an advisor/consultant to several government organisations for the past 15 years. He is associated with RBI, SEBI, CBDT and IRDA as member of the technical advisory group and/or standing committee on technology. He was a member of the Governing Council of IDRBT during the period 2002-2005. He has provided technical advice and guidance to several organisations in the petroleum, coal and steel sector and currently is actively associated with several banks and financial institutions as advisor on behalf of the Institute. He has recently published an edited book entitled: Infrastructure and Governance.

Haseeb A. Drabu, MA & D.Phil Economics is Chairman & Chief Executive Officer of Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd. Dr. Drabu has been an Economic Advisor (Minister of State Status) with Government of Jammu & Kashmir since January 2003. He served as National Editor of Business Standard and as a Consultant for Asian Development Bank. He started his career with Government of India way back in 1990, first with the Planning Commission then as a Consultant to the Economic Advisory Council (EAC) of the Prime Minister and finally with the Tenth Finance Commission (TFC). He has been a Director of Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd. since July 11, 2003.

J.M. Garg, Executive Director, Punjab National Bank holds a degree in M.Sc Physics from Punjab University. During his banking career of over 34 years, he has worked in various capacities besides overseas exposure during his posting at Singapore.

K. Narasa Reddy is General Manager, Canara Bank and is in-charge of financial inclusion initiatives being undertaken by the bank.

Karan Bajwa is Country Head-Public Sector, Microsoft Corporation (India). He has over 19 years of experience and is responsible for growth of Microsoft in the government sector and drive strategies on e-governance and education. Prior to joining Microsoft, he served as President of Tulip IT Services Ltd, where he secured landmark wins for the organisation. He has also served as the Head of the Public Sector Business, Cisco India, and the Head for the Networking Business for ASEAN region at IBM Singapore.

Kumar N. Sivarajan, B.Tech and Ph.D. in electrical engineering, co-founded Tejas Networks where he serves as the Chief Technology Officer. Earlier he was with IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York (1990-1994) and Electrical Communication Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (1994-2000). Sivarajan is co-author of the text-book Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective (1998). He is also a recipient of the IEEE Fortescue Fellowship and the IEEE Bennett and Baker Prize Paper Awards.

M. Ramachandran, Ph.D., is Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Member of the Indian Administrative Service since 1972, Dr. Ramachandran has handled several international assignments. He was Principal Secretary, School Education in Uttaranchal and Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister before elevating to the position of Chief Secretary. As Secretary, MoUD, he is steering the implementation of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in addition to many other city reform programmes.

M. Ramadoss is Chairman-cum-Managing Director, The Oriental Insurance Company Limited. He is also Fellow of Insurance Institute of India and an Associate of Chartered Insurance Institute of U.K. He has recently been awarded “The Best CA Professional Manager in the Public/Government Sector Category” by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), He is Chairman of the Insurance Committee of ASSOCHAM and also he has recently taken over as Chairman of General Insurers Public Sector Association (GIPSA).

M.S. Sundara Rajan, M.A. (Econ), CAIIB, A.C.S is Chairman & Managing Director of Indian Bank. Earlier he was Executive Director of Indian Bank. He has over three decades of experience in banking. He was earlier General Manager in charge of Mumbai Metropolitan Zone, Union Bank.

N. Vijayaditya, Controller of Certifying Authorities, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, is the regulator for certifying authorities which issue digital signatures for electronic authentication. He was earlier Director General, National Informatics Centre. Dr. Vijayaditya has a Master Degree in Computer Science and a Ph.D. in Information Systems from University of North Carolina, USA. He is a member of several Technical Advisory Groups.

Naresh Chandra Saxena is Distinguished Fellow, Skoch Development Foundation. A Rockefellor-Foundation Fellow, he obtained his Ph.D. from University of Oxford, UK. He specialises in rural development, natural resource management, rural livelihoods, poverty alleviation, watershed and drinking water, governance, decentralisation and people’s participation. A member of Indian Administrative Service (IAS), he recently retired as Secretary, Planning Commission, Government of India. He was earlier, Secretary, Rural Development, Government of India and was Director, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Musoorie. Author of repute, he has contributed several research papers to various international journals, and has written several widely acclaimed books. He is currently engaged as Consultant with UNICEF, World Bank, UNDP, European Union, GTZ, ADB and DFID, working on projects ranging from village planning, evaluation of urban poverty programmes, reforms in public distribution system, water and sanitation, land management and so on.

P.J. Nath, Executive Vice President, Enterprise Solutions, Sify, has over 22 years of experience in information technology, ISP and telecommunications services. His experience includes roles in sales, product management, customer support and project management. He began his career with ICIM Ltd (now Fujitsu ICIM) and was subsequently with Wipro Infotech.

P.P. Mallya, Chairman & Managing Director, Vijaya Bank has over 35 years of experience in banking industry. Under his leadership the bank has gone through business process re-engineering, computerisation and also forayed into the financial inclusion.

Pramod Saxena is the Founder Director of Oxigen Services (India) Pvt Ltd. A Chemical Engineer from IIT-Roorkee, Pramod has worked in various capacities spanning over 30 years and was largely associated with Essar Group, DCM Group and Motorola. His rich and varied experience spans telecom, steel, petro-chemicals & fertiliser industries where he had responsibilities for acquisitions and mergers, setting up green-field projects, joint ventures and managing business operations.

Pranav Prashad took over as the Head for Rural & Agriculture Business at ICICI Lombard in 2005 where his chief responsibilities include exploring business opportunities and expanding reach in the rural and agriculture landscape. He has implemented several projects towards financial inclusion and risk management of the marginalised masses. He has presented papers on micro-insurance at various international fora.

Rajesh Narang is M.Tech (IIT, Delhi) and Ph.D. in Computer Science, Ex-GM Centre for Railway Information System, winner of Prime Minister Award for his outstanding contribution in delivering IT systems of Indian Railways, the most successful e-Governance application. Currently, he is working as Principal Consultant in e-Governance Programme at DIT, New Delhi.

Samik Roy is the Regional Director for South Asia, Oracle Corporation, focusing on customer relationship management (CRM). In his role, he is responsible for the CRM product sets (encompassing Siebel CRM, Oracle CRM, Peoplesoft CRM, CRM on Demand and Call Center Anywhere) across all industries. Prior to joining Oracle, he was leading the South Asia operations of a dedicated CRM firm, called Global Groupware.

Shankar Aggarwal, a 1980 batch Indian Administrative Services (IAS) officer of Uttar Pradesh cadre, is Joint Secretary, Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology where he is holding the e-Governance portfolio. He was earlier Member (Judicial), Revenue Department, Board of Revenue, Allahabad. An M.Tech in Computer Technology from Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi (IIT-Delhi), he held various positions, including the Managing Director in Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC). As a Commissioner in Sales Tax Department from February to June 2007, he introduced web-based system to check evasion of taxes in steel and iron industries and sugar industry.

T.S. Vijayan is Chairman, Life Insurance Corporation. He was the first Director and Chief Executive of LICHFL CareHomes, a subsidiary of LICHFL. In this role, he was instrumental in designing the systems for running community living centres for senior citizens. Before his appointment as Chairman, he was MD, and Executive Director (Information Technology and Business Process Re-engineering). It was during his tenure that projects involving enterprise portal and data warehousing were conceived and implemented.

S. Mahendra Dev is Chairman, Commission of Agricultural Costs and Prices. Earlier he was Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India for nine years. He has written extensively on agricultural development, poverty and public policy, food security, employment guarantee schemes, social security, farm and non-farm employment. He has been a consultant to many international organisations like the UNDP, World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute, ESCAP and has also worked as a member in committees set up by the Government of India.

N. Chandrasekhara Rao is Associate Professor at the Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. Several of his research papers have been published in reputed journals in the field of economics. His areas of research interest include agricultural and development economics, employment and poverty reduction.

Rashmi Banga is currently an economist in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD-India Programme). She was an Associate Professor in the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), India and has taught in Delhi University for 15 years. Dr. Banga has also been a consultant to the Indian Council for Research in International Economic Relations (ICRIER) and has worked extensively on various trade and investment related issues.

G.K. Chadha is a Member of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council. Earlier, he was a Professor of Economics and Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prof. Chadha has been engaged in teaching and research for nearly 38 years now. He has written 16 books besides contributing 85 research papers to national and international research journals on various development issues relating to India and other developing countries of Asia, notably Indonesia and China. Prof. Chadha has been a Consultant to several international development organisations including United Nations agencies such as ILO, FAO, UNCTAD, ESCAP, etc., besides serving on numerous other international and national expert committees.

Errol D’Souza is currently a Professor at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. His current academic interests include tax reforms and fiscal/monetary policy, the structure of corporate finance, social security and livelihood issues in the informal sector, and personnel economics. He is the author of a book entitled Macroeconomics published by Pearson Education, Delhi. He has published articles in the above areas in various journals and books. He is an Associate of the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla, and a consultant to industry, the banking sector, UNDP, ILO, and government. He is on the Advisory Committee of UGC programmes and Director on the board of the National Housing Bank.

R.S. Deshpande is currently Director, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. Prof. Deshpande has 29 years of research and teaching experience, and has served on various policy bodies of the Government of India and Government of Karnataka. Among his important published books are: Crops and Cultivation: State of the Indian Farmer—A Millennium Study and NGOs and Farmers’ Movements, State of the Indian Farmer—A Millennium Study. His current academic interests include farmers suicides in India, droughts and natural disasters, international trade, WTO and its impact on agriculture and watershed development. Currently he is a member of the Karnataka Agricultural Prices Commission and on the Expert Group on WTO and Agriculture of the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.

S. Mahendra Dev is Chairman, Commission of Agricultural Costs and Prices. Earlier he was Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India for nine years. He has written extensively on agricultural development, poverty and public policy, food security, employment guarantee schemes, social security, farm and non-farm employment. He has been a consultant to many international organisations like the UNDP, World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute, ESCAP and has also worked as a member in committees set up by the Government of India.

Shaik Galab is a Professor at the Centre for Economic and Social Studies. His recent work focuses on social capital, women empowerment, child labour and livelihoods. Dr. Galab is also a member of Farmers Welfare Commission, Government of Andhra Pradesh. He is the co-author of the book On Joint Forest Management in Andhra Pradesh. His recent publications appeared in journals such as Development and Change, Economic and Political Weekly. Presently he is leading Young Lives Project India as Principal Investigator.

Bishwanath Goldar is a Professor of Economics at the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. He is currently head of the V.K.R.V. Rao Centre for Studies in Globalisation. He specialises in industrial economics and international trade. He has a large number of publications including papers published in international professional journals. Bulk of his research has been on industrial productivity, employment, wages and price-cost margin in Indian industries, protection of Indian industries, impact of trade reforms, and foreign direct investment in India.

Naveen Hegde worked as Research assistant at the Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. He has obtained an MA in Economics from the Karnataka University Dharwad and has kept up a deep interest in research.

Nagesh Kumar is Director-General of RIS, a New Delhi based policy think-tank devoted to trade and development related issues. He serves on a number of government committees and expert groups and on the governing boards of the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), Geneva and the South Asia Centre for Policy Studies (SACEPS), Kathmandu. Dr. Kumar has written extensively on the developmental impact of FDI, regional economic integration in Asia, WTO and development, new technologies and development, among other themes and is a co-editor of the South Asia Economic Journal.

Dilip Madhukar Nachane is Director, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. He has been the Managing Editor of the Journal of Quantitative Economics since 1995 and is member of a number of official bodies. He wrote 6 books and 85 research articles in reputed journals in the field of economics.

Jayaprakash Narayan is a physician by training, a public servant by choice, and a democrat by conviction. He joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1980 in the aftermath of the Emergency and the failure of the Janata Experiment. Among other things, he served as Secretary to both the Governor and Chief Minister. In 2006, he initiated the launch of the Lok Satta Party, a movement for new political culture in the state of Andhra Pradesh and is serving as its National Coordinator.

Thangavel Palanivel is currently the Senior Advisor and Team Leader of the Macroeconomic modelling cluster at the UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He holds a doctorate in Economics and has more than 20 years of research and programme management experience. His areas of specialisation include macroeconometric modelling, macroeconomic (including growth, fiscal, employment) policies, and national development plans/poverty reduction strategies formulation. He has published several research articles on development issues in journals and other publications.

Manoj Panda is Professor at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. His major areas of interest are development and uses of applied general equilibrium models for policy analysis, issues in poverty and environment. He has a number of publications in international and national journals as well as in edited books. He has served as a consultant to various international bodies such as the United Nations, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.

C. Rangarajan is a leading economist of the country, who has played a key role both as an academician and policy maker. He is currently Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister. Prior to this, he was Chairman of the Twelfth Finance Commission. He was Governor of Andhra Pradesh between 1997 and 2003. He was Governor, Reserve Bank of India during 1992-1997. During this period, he gave a major thrust to financial sector reforms and effected the transition to a market based exchange, rate regime. He was a Member of the Planning Commission in 1992. He was, for well over a decade and half, Professor at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. He was President of the Indian Economic Association in 1988 and President of the Indian Econometrics Society in 1994. He was awarded Padma Vibhushan in 2002.

N. Chandrasekhara Rao is Associate Professor at the Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. Several of his research papers have been published in reputed journals in the field of economics. His areas of research interest include agricultural and development economics, employment and poverty reduction.

C. Ravi is a Fellow at the Centre for Economic and Social Studies where he has been involved in several research and sponsored projects in the areas of demand analysis, food security, poverty, nutrition and welfare. He originally belongs to the Directorate of Economic and Statistics (DES) of the state government where he was in charge of the socio-economic survey wing and was responsible for the conduct of field surveys, data analysis and preparation reports.

T.L. Sankar is presently Honorary Visiting Professor in the Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad. He has done several assignments for the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Government of India and international organisations in his 35-year career with the Indian Administrative Service. He also served as Director-General, National Institute of Rural Development, Director, Institute of Public Enterprise and Principal, Administrative Staff College of India. He has jointly edited two books, co-authored one, and wrote several book chapters, papers and articles.

Alakh N. Sharma is the Director of the Institute for Human Development, New Delhi and the editor of The Indian Journal of Labour Economics. He has made significant contributions to research in areas such as poverty, migration, employment and labour markets.

Dimitri Silva is currently a research student at Hitotsubashi University, Japan. He was involved in this study during his internship at the International Poverty Centre, UNDP, Brasilia. Some major areas of his interest are inequality and education.

Manmohan Singh is the Prime Minister of India. He is considered one of the most influential figures in India’s recent history, mainly because of the economic reforms he had initiated in 1991, when he was Finance Minister under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao during 1991-1996. He did D.Phil in economics from the University of Oxford. His book, India’s Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth [Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964] was an early critique of India’s inward-oriented trade policy. He taught in the Punjab University, Chandigarh and the Delhi School of Economics in the beginning of his career. Thereafter, he took up several assignments in the government successfully as Secretary, Ministry of Finance (1976-1980), Governor, Reserve Bank of India (1982-1985), Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission (1985-1987) and advisor to the Prime Minister of India on Economic Affairs (1990-91). He was also the Secretary General of the South Commission in Geneva between 1987 and 1990. The University of Oxford awarded him with an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in 2005. In 2006, the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour. He served as Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha from March 1998 to May 2004 before becoming the Prime Minister. He received numerous awards including Padma Vibhushan in 1987.

Karli Srinivasulu is Professor and Head, Department of Political Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad. His research interests include political theory, agrarian and Dalit movements, electoral politics and public policy. He has numerous publications to his credit. He edited a book Agrarian Question in India. He is presently working on a monograph entitled Dalit Movement in Andhra Pradesh.

K. Subbarao is currently a consultant on safety nets and social protection for the Southern Region of the World Bank. He was until recently a lead economist in the Africa Region of the Bank where he played a major role in analytical and policy work on poverty, particularly in the domain of safety nets. His recently completed work and current research interests include ageing and poverty in Africa and the role of social pensions, understanding risk and vulnerability in rural Kenya, social protection of orphans and vulnerable children in Africa, and food aid and food security policies in Asia and Africa. He has authored or co-authored 8 books and over 50 research papers in various professional economic journals.

K.C. Suri is Professor in the Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences of the University of Hyderabad. Dr. Suri’s research interests include democratic theory and practice, political parties, Indian politics, and social movements. He has published a book on peasant movement in Andhra (1986) in Telugu, and contributed articles on the agrarian question, land reforms and political economy over the past two decades. His report based on a two-year research programme on political parties in South Asia was published (2007) under the title Political Parties in South Asia: The Challenge of Change. Presently he is involved in a research study on the condition of cotton farmers in India.

M.H. Suryanarayana is a Professor at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. The present chapter is based on work carried out during his tenure as an Economic Specialist at the International Poverty Centre, UNDP, Brasilia during 2004-05. His research interests include statistics, econometrics and development economics.

Jandhyala B.G. Tilak is a Professor at the National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi. Dr. Tilak was also on the research staff of the World Bank. His publications include 8 books and more than 250 research papers published in professional journals of high repute in the areas of economics, development studies and education. He is also the editor of the Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, and is associated (as a member of the editorial board) with several national and international journals.

Jean-H. Guilmette served as the Director of IDRC’s division for Central and Eastern Europe initiatives from 1995 to 2005. He is former Executive Director of the African Development Bank, Director of the OECD’s Sahel Club, and Director General of the Strategic Planning Unit in the Africa and Middle-East branch of the Canadian International Development Agency.

List of Tables and Boxes
Foreword
Preface 
Acknowledgements
Acronyms and Abbreviations

1. The Conceptual Framework

Section 1: Alliances and Cooperation:Emergence
                of a New Post-War Paradigm

1.1 Fifteen Hundred Years of War
1.2 Five Characteristics of the New Paradigm
1.3 Overall Impact of the New Paradigm
1.4 Role of Human Rights and Democratic Governance
      in Functioning of OECD Methodologies

Section 2: From Paradigm Shift to Institutional Activities

2.1 Multilateral Organizations with Universal Membership
2.2 International and Regional Organizations
      with Limited Membership
2.3 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
2.4 International Policy Regimes and
      Coordinating Institutions

Section 3: International Development Cooperation

3.1 The Marshall Plan
3.2 The Colombo Plan
3.3 Official Development Assistance (ODA)
3.4 Aid and the International Projection of Ideas
3.5 Aid Volumes and Impact

Section 4: The Cooperation Paradigm and the
                Former Eastern Bloc
4.1 The ‘Magic’ of the Market
4.2 Reform: A Complex, Multifaceted Process
4.3 Need for New and Relevant Aid Instruments

Section 5: Relevance of the IDRC and OECD Experience
                to Eastern European Countries

2. Development and Networks as Instruments for Change

Section 1: Experiences in Development
1.1 Lessons Learned from the Japanese Experience

Section 2: Era of Cooperative Undertakings
2.1 Informal Networks
2.2 Multinational and Formal Networks

Section 3: The Case of Former Soviet Countries

Section 4: Scientific Networks: IDRC Experience
Part 1: IDRC and Scientific Networks
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 IDRC’s Legal Foundation
4.1.3 IDRC’s Vision
4.1.4 IDRC’s Methodology
4.1.5 Assessing IDRC Sponsored Networks
4.1.6 Linkage between Research, Networks
        and Policy Setting
Part 2: IDRC and the Dnieper River
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Learning to Work in Terra Incognita

Section 5: Components of the EMDU Program
                and Immediate Results
5.1 Water Pollution Control

Section 6: Effects of the Program on Policy Formulation
6.1 Expanding Policy Capacities
6.2 Program’s Impact

Section 7: Moving Toward Regional Networks and
                Management of the GEF Program

3. OECD’s Basic Rules of Conduct—A Sociology
    of its Institutional Culture

Introduction

Section 1: Foundations of the OECD’s Institutional Culture
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 OECD’s Basic Rules of Conduct or the Values
      of the Institution
1.3 OECD Structure and Functions
1.4 Economics Department
1.5 OECD’s Basic Rules of Conduct
1.6 OECD’s ‘Etiquette’ or Unwritten Behavioural Principles

Section 2: A Network Driven by Peer Pressure
2.1 Peer Pressure

Section 3: Consensual Discipline and Dynamic Tension
3.1 Maintaining Balance
3.2 Mechanisms for Softening the Rigours of Consensus

Section 4: Policy Process, Blending Negotiations and Research
4.1 Defining a Common Agenda through ‘Preliminary Inquiry’
4.2 Establishing Reliable and Comparable Databases
4.3 Analyzing the Data
4.5 Forecasting
4.6 Recommendations
4.7 Peer Review

Section 5: Supportive Policies
5.1 Personnel Policy
5.2 Role of a ‘Wise Director’
5.3 Publication Policy

Section 6: Adapting the OECD Methodology to a
                New Cultural Environment
6.1 Respect for Essential Linkages
6.2 Introduction of New Values

Section 7: Summary and Conclusions

4. OECD Techniques for Managing the Iterative Policy Process within a Multicultural Environment

Section 1: The Policy Process
1.1 What is a ‘Policy’?
1.2 OECD Influence in National Policy Drafting

Section 2: Arriving at Policy Consensus within a Cross-Cultural Environment
2.1 Development and Culture
2.2 The Balance of Social Systems: Weights, Drifts and Counterweights
2.3 Bonthous’ Four Key Dimensions for Gathering Intelligence
2.4 Defining a ‘Story Line’

Section 3: Managing the Negotiation Process
3.1 Roles Ascribed to Various Actors

Section 4: Syntax for Key Documents
4.1 The Annotated Agenda
4.2 The Syntax for Summary Record
4.3 The Syntax of the Communiqué
4.4 The Syntax of Peer Reviews

Section 5: Organization of Meetings: From Workshops and Seminars to Committees and Plenary
5.1 Expectations and Results
5.2 The Agenda as a Management Tool
5.3 Time Management
5.4 Real Cost of an International Seminar
5.5 Managing Workshop Meetings: Room Set-up

5. Why Does it Work?

Section 1: OECD and Complexity
1.1 The Nature of Complexity
1.2 Complexity, Diversity and Adaptation
1.3 The Creation of OECD: An Injection of Simplicity and Intelligence

Section 2: Examples of What Works and What Doesn’t
2.1 OECD and Health: Facing Complexity
2.2 The Bribery Convention, an Unambiguous Success Story
3.3 The Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), A bridge too far…
3.4 The Club du Sahel: A Unique Experiment

Section 3: Conclusion

Post Face: This Leaves a Few Haunting Questions

Appendix: Glossary

References

Ashis Mondal is founder Director of Action for Social Advancement (ASA), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Soma Dutta is a leading development consultant

List of Tables, Figures, Boxes and Annexures
Acknowledgements
Acronyms
Preface

Section I: Introducing the Learning-based M&E System
 

1.Introducing the Guidebook
     
   About the Guidebook

  Who Can Use the Guidebook?

  The Basis of the Guidebook

  M&E in CDD Projects

  The Significance of a Learning-based M&E System in CDD Projects

  Using the Guidebook

2.A Learning-based Approach to Monitoring and Evaluation

   What is a Learning-based M&E System?

   The ‘Learning Dimension’ of a Learning-based M&E System

   Implementing a Learning-based M&E System:Some Common Pitfalls

   The Learning-based M&E System in Action 2.4.1 Best Practices

    in Application of LME

    Making Learning-based M&E Systems Work: What Can You Do to

    Encourage Learning within Your Projects and Organisations?
 

    
Section II: Strategies for Applying the Learning-based M&E System in CDD Projects

3.Strategies for Operationalising a Learning-based M&E Systems in CDD Projects

Strategy 1: Think Through and Set up the Learning-based M&E System during the Project Design Stage
Ensuring that the Design of the LME Framework is in Line with the Local Context
Engaging a Right Person/Agency to Guide the Borrower to Develop the LME Design
Ensuring Clarity and Proper Documentation of the Components of the System
Field-test the Proposed Framework for the LME System during Pilot Experiments

Strategy 2: Use Technical Studies (Social, Institutional, Environmental, etc.) to Guide Project Design

Strategy 3: From Design to Operationalisation: Provide Necessary Support to the Borrower during Implementation Phase
Demonstrating to the Implementing Agency the Value of a Learning-based Approach to M&E
Ensuring that the Necessary Institutional Setup and Capacities are in Place

Strategy 4: Provide Capacity Building and Handholding Support to the Community during Implementation Stage
Broad-basing Project Information
Building the Capacities of the CBOs to Perform their Project Functions

Strategy 5: Identify, Track and Act upon Unforeseen Project Issues

Strategy 6: Use Process Monitoring as a Management Tool during Project Implementation

Section III: Case Studies on Application of Learning-based M&E System

4.Achieving Better Project Outcomes through a Learning-based M&E System

  Integrating Participatory Monitoring within the M&E System in a Large CDD Project:

  The Kecamatan Development Project (KDP), Indonesia
  The KDP M&E System

  The Learning-based Monitoring and Evaluation System in KDP

  Usefulness of the KDP LME System

  Key Messages from the KDP LME System

  Process Monitoring for Making Course Corrections:

  Community Infrastructure Project (CIP), Pakistan

  Setting up of the Process Monitoring System

  Effectiveness of the Process Monitoring System

  Key Messages

  Community-based Monitoring: Kerala Rural Water Supply and
  Sanitation Programme, India

  The LME System of Jalanidhi

  How Effective is Participatory Monitoring?

  Key Messages

  Using Process Monitoring Effectively:Sujala Watershed Project,

   Karnataka, India

  Process Monitoring in Sujala

  How Effective is Process Monitoring in Sujala

  Key Messages

  Process Monitoring for Guiding Project Strategy: Andhra Pradesh DPIP, India

  Approach to Process Monitoring

 Conducting Process Monitoring: Steps

 Translating Learning into Action

 Key Messages

 Learning from a Community Group: CIG Milans in the District Poverty
Initiatives Project (DPIP), Madhya Pradesh, India

 The Genesis of CIG Milans and Learning Forums

 Translating Learning into Action

 Key Messages

Craig Churchill joined the ILO’s Social Finance Programme in 2001. Craig has microfinance experience in both developed and developing countries having previously worked for Get Ahead Foundation in South Africa, ACCION International, the MicroFinance Network and Calmeadow. In his current position, he focuses primarily on the role of financial services that the poor can use to manage risks and reduce their vulnerability, including microinsurance. He serves as Chair of the CGAP Working Group on Microinsurance and on the editorial boards of the MicroBanking Bulletin and the Journal of Microfinance. Craig has authored and edited dozens of articles, papers and monographs on various microfinance topics including microinsurance, customer loyalty, organizational development and management, governance, lending methodologies, and regulation and supervision.

 Acknowledgement

Table of Acronyms

Introduction

 Part 1 Principles and practices

1.1    What is insurance for the poor? (Craig Churchill) 
     1  Defining microinsurance
     2  The two faces of microinsurance
     3  What a difference three words make

1.2    The demand for microinsurance (Monique Cohen and

        Jennefer Sebstad)
     1  Managing risk
     2  The importance of understanding the demand for microinsurance
     3  Current coping strategies: Strengths and weaknesses
     4  Opportunities for microinsurance
     5  Conclusion

1.3    The social protection perspective on microinsurance

        (Christian Jacquier,Gabriele Ramm,Philippe Marcadent

         and Valérie Schmitt-Diabate)

     1  Introduction
     2  What is social security? What is social protection?
     3  What is microinsurance)
     4  Potential and limitation of microinsurance as a social
         protection mechanism
     5  How can microinsurance be used to extend social protection?
     6  Conclusion

Part 2 Microinsurance products and services

2.1    Challenges and strategies to extend health insurance to the
         poor (Ralf Radermacher, Iddo Dror and Gerry Noble)          
     1  Product manufacturing           
     2  Product sales          
     3  Product servicing          
     4  Maintenance of long-term stability          
     5  Conclusion

2.2    Long-term savings and insurance (James Roth,

         Denis Garand and Stuart Rutherford)          
     1  Providing savings to the poor
     2  Long-term savings and insurance products for the poor
     3  Key issues in offering long-term savings and insurance
     4  Conclusions

2.3    Savings- and credit-linked insurance (Sven Enarsson,
         Kjell Wirén and Gloria Almeyda)
     1  Loan-linked products
     2  Savings-linked insurance
     3  Product design and delivery issues
     4  Conclusions

2.4    Meeting the special needs of women and children
         Mosleh Ahmed and Gabriele Ramm)
     1  Special risks affecting women and children (girls and boys)
     2  Microinsurance to address the special needs of women and children
     3  Policy tasks to improve the strategic situation of women and children
     4  Conclusions

Part 3 Microinsurance operations
          

3.1    Product design and insurance risk management

        (John Wipf, Dominic Liber andCraig Churchill)          
     1  Market research          
     2  Eligibility          
     3  Terms and payment options          
     4  Benefits          
     5  Risk management and claims controls          
     6  Conclusions

3.2    Marketing microinsurance (Craig Churchill and Monique Cohen)          
     1  Main marketing messages          
     2  Marketing techniques          
     4  Marketing and mandatory insurance          
     5  Conclusion

3.3    Premium collection: Minimizing transaction costs and maximizing
         customer service (Michael J. McCord, Grzegorz Buczkowski

          and Priyanka Saksena)
     1  Modes of premium collection      
     2  Collection frequency and timing      
     3  Client considerations
     4  Premium collection controls          
     5  Conclusion

3.4    Claims processing (Michael J. McCord and Richard Leftley)          
     1  Introduction          
     2  Claims notification          
     3  Settlement          
     4  Controls          
     5  Claims considerations in product design          
     6  Conclusions

 
3.5    Pricing microinsurance products
         (John Wipf and Denis Garand)          
     
    1  Database design requirements for pricing (and sound microinsurance  
         management)
     2  Pricing components, key factors and methodology          
     3  Modelling techniques
     4  Conclusions

3.6    Risk and financial management (Denis Garand and John Wipf)
     1  The risks inherent in insurance products
     2  Capital requirements
     3  Reserves     
     4  Reinsurance      
     5  Investment management 
     6  Profit distribution
     7  Conclusion

3.7     Organization development in microinsurance
          (Craig Churchill and Richard Leftley)          
     1  Organizational structure: Where does
         microinsurance fit in?          
     2  Recruitment: Where to access appropriate expertise          
     3  Training          
     4  Compensation          
     5  Institutional culture
     6  Conclusions

3.8    Governance (Zahid Qureshi)
     1  Governance in microinsurance
     2  Board composition and expertise
     3  The foundation stone
     4  Microinsurance governance in practice
     5  Conclusions

3.9    Loss control (Zahid Qureshi and Gerry Noble)
     1  A retrospective look at loss prevention
     2  Converging interests     
     3  Pinpointing prevention
     4  Practising prevention
     5  Minimization: A stitch in time
     6  Evaluating the return on investment in prevention      
     7  Conclusions

3.10    Performance indicators and benchmarking
           (Denis Garand and John Wipf)
     1  Marketing and distribution
     2  Financial management and viability
     3  Efficiency and client value
     4  Investment management
     5  Conclusions

Part 4 Institutional options

4.1    Cooperatives and insurance: The mutual advantage

         (Klaus Fischer and Zahid Qureshi)          
     1  Introduction
     2  What is a mutual insurer?
     3  The cooperative difference
     4  Insurance development models and stages
     5  Insurance products offered under the cooperative network model
     6  Why mutuals develop networks and how they work
     7  Advantages and disadvantages of the model
     8  Conclusion

4.2    The partner-agent model: Challenges and opportunities
         (Michael J. McCord)
     1  Why a partner-agent model?
     2  How the partner-agent model works
     3  The good and the bad
     4  Advantages and disadvantages 
     5  Conclusions

4.3    The community-based model: Mutual health organizations in
         Africa(Bénédicte Fonteneau and Bruno Galland)          
     1  What is a community-based model?          
     2  Why was/is this approach implemented in West Africa?          
     3  What is the target group of the community-based model?          
     4  Do MHOs function (well) and make a significant impact?          
     5  What are the origins of the problems?          
     6  What is the added value of this model?          
     7  Conclusion

          
4.4    Institutional options for delivering health microinsurance
         (Ralf Radermacher and Iddo Dror)          
     1  Institutional options          
     2  Value, interests and conflicts in the insurance business process          
     3  Conclusion

4.5    Beyond MFIs and community-based models: Institutional
         alternatives (Richard Leftley and James Roth)
     1  Risk-carrying alternatives          
     2  Administrative alternatives          
     3  Distribution alternatives          
     4  Conclusions

    
4.6    Retailers as microinsurance distribution channels
         (James Roth and Doubell Chamberlain)          
     1  Why retailers? Which retailers?          
     2  Microinsurance distribution/Product combinations for retailers          
     3  Conclusions

4.7    Microinsurance: Opportunities and pitfalls for microfinance institutions
         (Craig Churchill and James Roth)          
     1  Institutional arrangements          
     2  The type of insurance          
     3  Conclusions

Part 5 The role of other stakeholders

 
5.1    The role of donors (Alexia Latortue)          
     1  An analytical framework          
     2  Donor requirements to effectively support microinsurance          
     3  Types of donor support for microinsurance          
     4  Conclusion

5.2    An enabling regulatory environment for microinsurance
         (Martina Wiedmaier-Pfister and Arup Chatterjee)
     1  Background
     2  Barriers in existing regulatory frameworks          
     3  Country experiences – preliminary insights          
     4  Conclusions

5.3    The promotional role of governments (Sabine Trommershäuser,
         Roland Lindenthal and Rüdiger Krech)
     1  Policy-making, participation and consensus-building
     2  Creating an enabling environment
     3  Strengthening institutions
     4  Providing financial assistance
     5  Concluding remarks

5.4    The role of insurers and reinsurers in supporting insurance for
          the poor(David M. Dror and Thomas Wiechers)
     1  The value proposition of reinsurance
     2  Involvement of commercial insurers and reinsurers in microinsurance
     3  What part of this value proposition can insurers and reinsurers deliver?
     4  Recommendations    
     5  Conclusion

5.5    The provision of technical assistance

         (Richard Leftley and Richard Lacasse)
     1  Why is technical assistance required?
     2  What does a TA provider do?
     3  Who provides microinsurance technical assistance?     
     4  Conclusion: Providing quality technical assistance    

     Part 6 Conclusions

6.1    Strategies for sustainability (Craig Churchill and Denis Garand)     
     1  Limit benefits
     2  Focus on efficiency
     3  Diversify income sources
     4  Good management

6.2    The future of microinsurance (Felipe Botero, Craig Churchill,
         Michael J. McCord and Zahid Qureshi)     
     1  Microinsurance customers of the future
     2  Microinsurance providers of the future
     3  The regulatory landscape
     4  The environment for microinsurance
     5  Embracing the future

Appendix I: Description of microinsurance providers

Appendix II: About the authors

Bibliography

Index
 
      

     List of tables       

  
     1  Microinsurance providers and products          
     2  Priority risks in selected countries          
     3  Coping strategy by risk          
     4  Examples of informal group-based insurance systems          
     5  Test for an insurable risk          
     6  Typology of microinsurance linkages          
     7  Overview of product manufacturing tasks and features          
     8  Overview of product sales tasks and features          
     9  Overview of product servicing tasks and features          
     10 Some key ratios of health microinsurers          
     11 Overview of the tasks to be undertaken to
          maintain long-term stability          
     12 Two insurers with endowment products          
     13 CARD MBA’s loan protection plus family
          funeral insurance          
     14 Different benefit classes for minimum/maximum
          premiums at Yasiru          
     15 Market coverage of selected voluntary life
          insurance products          
     16 VimoSEWA’s coverage and price in rupees          
     17 Benefits of LIC’s Janashree Bima Yojana          
     18 Benefits from UIIC’s UniMicro insurance scheme          
     19 Benefits of La Equidad’s Ampararmicroinsurance product          
     20 Coinsurance and payment ceiling of health microinsurers          
     21 Benefit amounts at CARD MBA          
     22 Rolling admission versus annual campaign          
     23 Marketing checklist for microinsurance managers          
     24 Comparison of premium collection modes          
     25 A sample of claims durations          
     26 Evolution of life mortality rate at VimoSEWA          
     27 Claims experience of VimoSEWA’s child benefit

     28 Potential effect of investment mismatch on CARD’s

          Provident Fund – An illustration

     29 Average monthly earnings for frontline staff (US$)          
     30 Commissions on long-term policies at ALMAO and Tata-AIG          
     31 Non-life and life insurance loss prevention          
     32 Improved service enhances retention at VimoSEWA (India)          
     33 Selected examples of net income          
     34 Expense and claims rations for selected schemes          
     35 Rating of microinsurance schemes – An illustration          
     36 Case studies that correspond to the cooperative network model          
     37 Insurance products offered by SACCO networks          
     38 ASA’s cost per policy          
     39 ASA’s profit/loss per policy          
     40 Performance of four microinsurance schemes in Zambia          
     41 Advantages and disadvantages to the agent

          compared to self-insuring          
     42 Advantages and disadvantages for an insurer          
     43 Advantages and disadvantages for low-income policy-holders          
     44 A comparison of premiums and benefits for selected MHOs          
     45 Basic motivations and primary interest through

          the business process
     46 HTG funeral insurance product
     47 Does self-insurance provide greater client value?
     48 Definition of microinsurance in India
     49 Partnership factors for an insurance or reinsurance company
     51 Advantages and disadvantages of long-term, on-site TA support
     52 Continuing challenges that limit the expansion of microinsurance
     53 Process automation transforms insurance operations
 

     List of figures

     1  Janus: The two faces of microinsurance          
     2  Impact of shocks on household income and assets          
     3  The impact of risks          
     4  The locus of microinsurance          
     5  A dynamic approach to extending social protection
         through microinsurance          
     6  Health insurance product design          
     7  Claims model 1: Insurer pays healthcare provider
         (third-party payment)          
     8  Claims model 2: Integrated healthcare and insurance provider

          (internal financial transaction)
      9  Claims model 3: Insurer reimburses clients’ out-of-pocket

          healthcare expenses
     10 Daughter’s wedding insurance plan: Delta Life          
     11 Marketing brochure: Yeshasvini          
     12 Guaranteed savings brochure: TUW SKOK          
     13 Three-step marketing process        
     14 Microinsurance drop-outs and access to microcredit          
     15 Typical claims settlement process for
          Madison’s microinsurance product          
     16 The claims process at UMSGF          
     17 Microcare and Opportunity International claim form          
     18 CARD MBA timing of claims          
     19 Kharif Hungama sales prizes          
     20 Organizational chart of Tata-AIG          
     21 Illustrating Grameen’s 16 decisions          
     22 The circular logic of customer retention          
     23 Distribution of microinsurance products in
          the SACCO network model          
     24 A mutual network structure with its portfolio
         of functional subsidiaries          
     25 The MHO system          
     26 Types of health insurance provision          
     27a The partner-agent model          
     27b The partner-agent model with TPA          
     28 The charitable insurance model          
     29 The provider-driven model          
     30 The community-based/mutual model          
     31 Three components of insurance provision          
     32 Yeshasvini’s claim settlement process          
     33 Micro-agents, CRIGs and NGOs in the
          premium-collection process          
     34 An analytical framework for donor support
          for microinsurance
     35 The Aid Effectiveness Star          
     36 The what, who and how of microinsurance technical assisatance
     37 The RIMANSI model of technical assistance to MBAs
     38 Striking a balance: The microinsurance challenge
     39 Perspectives on the future          

     List of boxes

     1  Microinsurance and the MDGs
     2  Applying Prahalad’s “Twelve Principles

        of Innovation for BOP Markets” to microinsurance
     3  Impact of shocks on the rich and poor in Viet Nam          
     4  Risks and risk management in Malawi          
     5  Coping strategies in Viet Nam          
     6  Risk management and over-indebtedness in Georgia          
     7  Membership in multiple burial societies          
     8  High cost of funerals in Zambia          
     9  Understanding the demand for microinsurance
         in Sri Lanka          
     10 We want to know more . .          
     11 The extension of social protection through
          microinsurance in Colombia          
     12 Linkages in the Philippines          
     13 Developing balanced linkages in Senegal          
     14 The Global Social Trust          
     15 Cambodia’s Master Plan          
     16 An integrated approach to social
         protection in Senegal          
     17 BRAC’s three-tier approach to providing
          health services          
     18 CARD’s foray into annuities          
     19 Grameen’s deposit pension scheme (GPS)          
     20 Mis-selling in South Africa          
     21 Life insurance as an alternative to loan protection?          
     22 Illness cover in a credit life policy?          
     23 Shepherd’s Sugam Fund          
     24 Outreach at Yeshasvini          
     25 Family coverage at UMSFG          
     26 Lapses at Delta Life          
     27 Flat-rate pricing for Shepherd          
     28 Mass weddings          
     29 UHC definition of family in Uganda          
     30 Creating awareness: The experience of the South African Insurance  
          Association
     31 UMSGF’s three-tiered marketing strategy          
     32 Regional differences in Zambia          
     33 Sales challenges at TUW SKOK          
     34 Linking insurance premiums to loans          
     35 Flexible premium payments for funeral
          insurance in South Africa          
     36 Paying premiums in milk at Yeshasvini          
     37 Delta Life – combining microcredit
          and microinsurance          
     38 Claim rejection: A case of insufficient
          documentation in Zambia          
     39 Beneficiary frustration          
     40 Requirements for an advance payment at Columna          
     41 The many stops in claims settlement at Delta Life          
     42 Efficiencies of informal insurance          
     43 Claims adjustment and HIV/AIDS          
     44 Pricing problems          
     45 Database design problems          
     46 Importance of a health insurance MIS:
          Experience of AssEF          
     47 VimoSEWA’s renewal rates          
     48 VimoSEWA’s claims processing          
     49 Actuarial reserves and capital defined          
     50 Management risk illustrations          
     51 Organization development: How not to do it          
     52 Criteria in the selection of micro-agents at Tata-AIG          
     53 Frontline staff at CARD MBA          
     54 TUW SKOK’s outsourcing model          
     55 What is corporate governance?          
     56 The four pillars of governance          
     57 Responsibilities of the board of directors          
     58 Trust is good, but control is better          
     59 Read the writing on the wall          
     60 Taking the societal perspective          
     61 Promoting well-being          
     62 Prevention through sister organizations: VimoSEWA          
     63 Coping with disaster: The Japanese experience
     64 Microcare: Using insecticide-treated bed nets to reduce

          malaria-related claims
     65 Great value placed on insurance          
     66 What doomed Confederation Life of Canada?          
     67 Why cooperative insurance suits low-income markets          
     68 Management of lapses and claims:
          The mutual difference          
     69 Selling an insurance concept in Ghana          
     70 Partner-agent premium collection checklist          
     71 ASA’s on-again off-again relationship with
          the partner-agent model          
     72 Profiles of initiating organizations of MHOs          
     73 A variety of membership profiles          
     74 The target population of the rural MHOs          
     75 Union Technique de la Mutualité Malienne          
     76 Coordination Régionale des Mutuelles
          de Santé de Thiès          
     77 Réseau Alliance Santé, Benin          
     78 MHO performance: Some trends          
     79 The power of collective action          
     80 Nkoranza Community Health Insurance Plan          
     81 Zambuko Trust, Zimbabwe          
     82 VimoSEWA’s claims committee          
     83 Retailers and rural areas          
     84 AFL/CIO’s Union Privilege Scheme          
     85 Reducing the vulnerability of the poor:
          The case of Shepherd, India          
     86 Unleashing the catalytic role of the private
          sector with public subsidy          
     87 Providing support through donor guarantees          
     88 FinScope surveys: Getting to know the market          
     89 Lessons learnt the hard way: Illustrations from India          
     90 Informal insurance in South Africa          
     91 Formalization of ALMAO          
     92 Insurance cooperatives in Malawi          
     93 Capital requirements in Peru          
     94 Requirements for agents and brokers          
     95 AIG Uganda          
     96 The Insurance Ombudsman Sri Lanka          
     97 Health service providers and mutual health
          organizations (MHOs) in Mali          
     98 Stewardship in Guinea-Bissau          
     99 Facilitating links to UNDP in India          
     100 Subsidizing Yeshasvini Trust

     101 Africa Re          
      102 What do microinsurers get out of reinsurance?          
      103 A short summary of the social reinsurance model
      104 Actuarial reviews of microinsurance schemes          
      105 The 7 Cs of technical assistance          
      106 Technical assistance partnerships: DID and CIF          
      107 Management tools for microinsurance          
      108 Technological advances in banking services for the poor

Ashis Mondal and G. Jayanthi the co-authors of this book are the founding members of ASA and full-time working directors, while Janet Geddes and Utpal Moitra are associate consultants of ASA.

Professor Amitav Mallik has been a research scientist since 1966 in various defence R&D laboratories in India. His pioneering work in the field of Lasers has been instrumental in development of India’s high power Lasers. Prof. Mallik received the Padmashri award in 2002 for his invaluable contributions. He has also served as Member, National Security Advisory Board (NSAB). He was with the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), New Delhi, as Adviser, Science and Technology.

Dr. Nitant Mate was a consultant with IT Power India and is now working with Kirloskar Company as adviser/consultant in the renewable energy field.

Devayani Bhave is a M.Sc. (Chemistry) from Kings College, London. She worked with ORF as Research Assistant and is presently at the University of Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, working for her PhD.

List of Tables and Figures
Executive Summary

1. Introduction

2. Distributed Power Generation

3. Solar Energy as an Option for DPG
3.1 Economics of SPV DPG
3.2 State-of-the-Art SPV Technologies in the US
3.3 SPV in India

4. Fuel Cells as an Option for DPG
4.1 FC Technologies
4.2 Economics of FC DPG
4.3 FC in India

.

5. DPG with Renewable Fuels and High Efficiency Systems
5.1 Micro-turbine Technology
5.2 Biodiesel based DPG
5.3 Biogas based DPG

6. Other Renewable Technology Options
6.1 Micro-hydro based DPG
6.2 Wind Turbine based DPG
6.3 Geothermal Energy Sources

7. Choice of DPG Technology for Indian Conditions
7.1 Criteria for Selection of Technologies
7.2 Hybrid Systems as Feasible Business Model
7.3 Economic Viability
7.4 Environmental Sustainability
7.5 Conventional Fuels and RE

8. Summary
8.1 Policy and Regulatory Aspects
8.2 Role of NGOs
8.3 Summary and Conclusions

Annexure-I: MNES Approved PV Manufacturers

Annexure-II: Village Level DPG Proposal

References

Dr. N.A. Mujumdar is former Principal Adviser, Reserve Bank of India. At present, he is the Editor of the Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics and also Honorary Professor at the Society for Development Studies.

Dr. Mujumdar began his career as Lecturer in what was then known as the School of Economics, University of Bombay. He was Nuffield Fellow of Oxford University, Oxford in 1959, and after his return to India, joined the Reserve Bank of India.

The author has also worked, under the auspices of the International Monetary Fund, as Adviser to the Central Banks of five countries: Zambia, Mauritius, Tanzania, Belize and Cambodia. He was member of various Working Groups appointed by the Reserve Bank of India and the Planning Commission.

He has published ten books and a number of research papers in various technical journals. Among his recent books are: Economic Reforms Sans Development (2004) and Indian Agriculture in the New Millennium (a set of 2 volumes co-edited with Uma Kapila, 2006), both published by Academic Foundation, New Delhi

Introduction

Part I 
Risk Philosophy and Rural Credit

1. Risks, Uncertainties and Rural Credit in Indian Agriculture

Part II 
Agriculture and Inclusive Growth

2. Centrality of Agriculture to India’s Economic Development

3. The Unaddressed Agenda of Development

4. Redefining the Approach to Poverty Reduction and Development

5. First Principles of Foodgrains Management

6. Redrafting the Agenda for Agricultural Development

7. Watershed Development: Mother of All Water Management Modes

8. Rural Employment: Beyond Monetary and Fiscal Arithmetic

9. Millennium Development Goals and Development Policies

10. Unequal Partners in Development

Part III 
Banking and Finance

11. The Rising Rupee and the Forex Reserves

12. Two Faces of Banking Sector Reforms

13. Monetary Policy: January 2006: Containing Inflationary Forces

14. The Budget for 2006-07 and the Bankers

15. Monetary Policy: April 2006: Forewarning Hardening of Interest Rates

16. Credit Policies and Financial Inclusion

Part IV 
Development Perspectives

17. CEO Salaries: Don’t Bank on Peanut-Monkey Logic

18. Delusions of Grandeur

19. Investing in Education? Yes, But What Sort of Education?

Index

Dr. Reidar Dale is currently Associate Professor of Development Planning and Management at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok, Thailand. For 25 years he has been working in the field of development planning and management in a variety of developing countries – as a planner, manager, researcher, evaluator and university lecturer. For much of this period (1979–87; 1990–94) he worked with the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD).

He has published widely in his field; his books include People’s Development through People’s Institutions (2002), Organisations and Development (2000) and Evaluation Frameworks for Development Programmes and Projects (1998).

Preface by W. M. Leelasena
 
Foreword by Hellmut W. Eggers

 
1.Development and Development Planning
• Conceptualising Development
• Conceptualising Development Planning
• Conceptions of Rationality

 
2.Strategic Planning for Development
• Strategy, Strategy Formulation and Strategic Planning
• Main Analytical Categories and Variables
• Identifying and Analysing Stakeholders
• Conceptualising Greater Organisational Complexity
• Variables and Linkages in Comprehensive Strategic Planning
• Timing, Time Horizon and Scope of Action

 
3.Diversifying Perspectives on Planning
• Linking to More General Concepts of Value and Intent
• Strategic versus Operational and Adjustive Planning
• From Long-Range Planning to Continuous Strategic Management
• Process versus Blueprint Planning
• Planning Categories by Functional Level and Type of Area
• Connecting Planning to the Concepts of Programme and Project

 
4.Elaborating Linkages in Development Work
• Connecting Design Variables, Work Categories and Intended Achievements
• The Logical Framework
• Adding Dimensions of Organisation

 
5.Problem Analysis
• Conceptualising Development Problems
• Generating Information About Problems
• Verbal Analysis
• Ranking
• Cause–Effect Charting

 
6.Means–Ends Analysis
• Basic Concepts and Relations Revisited
• Relating Problems to Abilities, Opportunities and Constraints
• From Problem Structures to Means–Ends Structures
• Specifying Means–Ends Relations in the Logical Framework
• Means–Ends Relations in Organisation-Building Programmes

 
7.Formulating Indicators of Achievements
• The Concept of ‘Indicator’
• Characteristics of Good Indicators
• Specifying Indicators in the Logical Framework
• Generating Information on Indicators
• A Conclusion on Indicators and a Reflection Beyond Them

8.Assessing and Interacting with the Environment
• Contextual Analysis: A Hallmark of Development Planning
• Opportunities, Constraints and Threats
• Moving Boundaries Between the Internal and the External
• Incorporating Assumptions into the Logical Framework
• A Further Reflection About Assumptions

 
9.Tools of Prioritisation
• Introduction
• Negotiation
• Voting
• Techniques of Ranking
• Criteria-Based Prioritisation
• Economic Tools of Prioritisation

 
10.Community Institution Building and Participatory Planning
• Participatory Development: Justification, Principles and Implications
• Modes and Means of Participation
• Building Capacity, Organisations and Institutions: Some Definitions
• Institution Building as Process
• Social Mobilisation
• Process versus Blueprint Planning for Local Institution Building
• Creating Synergies between Planning and Institution Building
 
Bibliography
Index

Harekrishna Misra is a faculty in the area of IT & Information Systems at the Institute of Rural Management, Anand. An Electronics and Communication Engineer, he holds a Doctorate from Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, in the area of Information Systems Management. He has around 27 years of experience in indutry and academia in the fields of IT infrastructure management, communication and networks. His current research interests include software engineering (process modelling), e-Governance, information systems management in develop-ment organisations, e-Business for rural enter-prises and ICT enabled value chain in rural enterprises. He has widely published in national and international reputed and refereed Journals. He has also participated in technical as well as programme committees, and has presented papers in national and international refereed academic conferences

V. Annamalai holds Doctoral degree from the University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad. He is a faculty member of National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad. He has carried out several independent research projects and contributed many articles to leading journals and chapters to many books. His areas of interest are local institutions and resource management and interface between local institutions and state and central governments. His current research interests include improving the efficiency of local governments (panchayats) through e-Governance for better delievery of services in rural areas.

Anand Bala has a multi-domain experience, from hotel management to alternative tourism and from negotiating the business development of community oriented software for NGO needs to managing programmes at an international mega corporation. He is currently with Oracle Corporation India and is working as Programmes Manager, Business Development in Bangalore.

Kamal Bandopadyaya a Computer Science Engineer from Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra has worked in various organisations like ASCI, Hyderabad and several software organisations. He is also associated with THRIVE, Hyderabad, a not-for-profit organisation working for the benefits of rural and tribal communities in home lighting, ICT, education and health using advanced and innovative technologies. He is currently providing consultancy services to the World Bank office in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Ranganayakulu Bodavala heads THRIVE, a not-for-profit organisation based in Hyderabad, which was founded by him with a group of professionals to work for the benefits of rural and tribal communities in home lighting, ICT, education and health using advanced and innovative technologies. He holds a Ph.D. in MIS area from Andhra University and was a Post doctoral “TAKEMI” fellow in Harvard School of Public Health during 1999-2000. He has worked with Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI). He has also worked with several state and central government agencies in India and with international agencies like World Bank, DFID and UNICEF as a management consultant. He has conducted several management development programmes for senior health officials of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Karnataka and Punjab.

Nitin Gachhayat is the President (P&P) and Co-founder of Drishtee and CEO of Quiver InfoServices Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Drishtee. Under his leadership, Quiver develops new services and applications for rural India that can then be delivered through Drishtee and other kiosk networks. An MBA-International Business from FORE School of Management, his work experience includes technology and research. He has been an invitee or a guest faculty in various forums.

Rajender R. Hermon a Senior Assistant Professor at National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad holds Master’s and Ph.D. degrees in economics area. He has extensively worked and widely published in the areas of econometrics, geo-informatics, micro planning, policy evaluation, project planning & management, geospatial statistical development, programmes and geographic information system, application of GIS and RS for planning and management of watersheds, natural resource management, disaster management, infrastructure planning, application of RS to environmental studies, GIS and GPS applications for participatory village level planning.

Anita Karwal is in Indian Administrative Service since 1988 and serves in Gujarat State Cadre. She has held various positions in the State administration. She holds M.Phil. in African Studies and Masters Degree in Political Science from Delhi Universiy. She was instrumental in conceptualising and designing of e-Governance project in Ahmedabad District in Gujarat State which received Computer Society of India Award—Nihilent Award 2005, for the Best Service Orientation Project category. She is presently the Secretary, Primary Education, Government of Gujarat.

Nirlesh S. Kothari is a fellow of Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. He is associated with several Management Institutes during last 18 years as a visiting faculty, teaching courses in the areas of systems, operations research and quality management. He has many consulting assignments to his credit in the areas of corporate strategy, business process reengineering, information technology strategy and systems including quality mangement systems.

Sudhir Kumar holds Post-Graduate Diploma in Rural Management from the Institute of Rural Mangement, Anand (IRMA). He is currently working with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and implementing a disaster management project. His papers on disaster management themes have been published in national level journals. His area of interest is institutional mechanism for disaster management.

Satyan Mishra, Founder and Managing Director, Drishtee, has extensive experience in rural development coupled with inborn entrepreneurial skills. After completing his Masters in Business Administration from Delhi University, he decided to direct the entrepreneurial urge within him to make a difference in the life of ordinary Indian villages. He worked towards combining his passion with his managerial and technical expertise to create a viable organisation.

Pradyut J. Modi holds M.Sc. degree in Physics and is pursuing his Doctoral programme in computer science from Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. He has 23 years of experience in the areas of computing with focus on database applications, internet applications, web design, e-Commerce, and enterprise resource planning. He is presently working as Manager, ISU, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh.

V. Madhava Rao holds degrees in B.Tech (Electrical), M.Tech (Remote Sensing), MBA and Ph.D. (Applied & Analytical Economics) and a Ph.D. in Spatial Information Technology. He has 25 years experience in corporate sector, government departments, post graduate teaching, research, training and action research in management and development administration. Since last 19 years, he is with National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad and is currently working as Associate Professor and Head, Centre on Geoinformatics Applications in Rural Development (C-GARD). He has extensively worked and published in the areas of GIS and IT application solutions in rural development sector. He has handled numerous research projects both national and international and contributed substantially in terms of policy and programme development. He has set up State GIS Centres in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Orissa and is in the process of establishing a National GIS Centre in New Delhi and an NGO GIS Centre at Ralegaon Siddhi.

T.P. Rama Rao is a faculty member in the Computer and Information Systems Group at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA) and is currently the coordinator of Centre for Electronic Governance (CEG) at the institute. He holds Masters Degree in Technology in Electrical Engineering from IIT Kanpur. Prof. Rao has contributed extensively to teaching, research and consulting in the area of computer applications in management. He has several publications including books, monographs and has a number of articles/papers in the areas related to management applications of information technology to his credit.

S. Senthilkumaran is the programme Director, Jamshedji Tata National Virtual Academy for Rural Prosperity (NVA), M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), Chennai. He holds an M.Sc. (Maths) and a Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Science and Applications (PGDCA) from Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, At present, he is the Secretary of Mission 2007 of Government of India with the objective of setting up Village Knowledge Centres (VKC). He has widely published papers, participated in various seminars and presented papers in India and abroad.

Neeta Shah is working with Gujarat Informatics Limited as Director, e-Governance. She holds Ph.D. in Management in the area of information technology. She is a member of various IT Committees in the State Government of Gujarat and also member of IT Standards, Macro Framework Committee of Government of India. She is actively involved in e-Governance in the state of Gujarat. She is recipient of e-Governance Champion award for the State of Gujarat. She has widely presented papers in national and international conferences.

J. Shankar is a Chartered Accountant and Law Graduate. He was with Wipro Limited for 18 years. Currently he is a consultant to corporate entities and is an independent non-executive director on the Board of Companies and NGOs. He is also a Guest Faculty with Indian Institute of Science, Department of Management Studies and Union Bank School of Management. His areas of interest include: governance of corporates and NGOs and ecological and social sustainability initiatives in corporate entities. He is the author of a forthcoming book: Corporate Disclosures 1553-2007: The Origin of Financial and Business Reporting.

Pramod Kumar Singh is an Assistant Professor in the area of natural resource management and geoinformatics at Institute of Rural Management, Anand. He holds M.Sc. as well as M.Phil degree in environmental sciences and Ph.D. in remote sensing and GIS application, all from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. His areas of academic interest include natural resources management, environment and development planning, and emerging areas of GIS. He has been published extensively in reputed journals and the Proceedings of National Conferences.

S. Sivakumar is Chief Executive of the Agri-Businesses Division of ITC Limited, India. He has conceptualised the path-breaking e-Choupal model and is spearheading its roll out across the country. Sivakumar is honoured with the World Technology Award. He is an alumus of the Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) and served a farmers’ cooperative for six years before joining ITC in 1989.

S.S. Solanki an Electronics and Communication Engineer from L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad is working with BSNL (Erstwhile DoT) since 1998. He has gained experiences in installation and maintenance of E-10B switching system (43000 lines), subscriber administration, Intelligent Network, Internet, Point-to-Point, CUG, VPN and GSM Mobile services. Currently, he is working as a Divisional Engineer (IT) at Ahmedabad in Gujarat Circle Office of BSNL looking after the IT activities of Gujarat Circle.

Dinesh T.B. completed his Ph.D. in 1992, from the Department of Computer Science, University of Iowa. He has held various academic, research and industrial positions where he has worked on object-oriented programming, generation of software and course-ware from specifications, and structuring information for its use on the Internet. He co-founded Pagelets, Inc. in 1999 while in California, which was responsible for the research and development of a community and social software. He moved to Bangalore, India in 2002 where Pantoto Communities software is developed with local talent and like-minded people to serve the information management and community networking needs with the goal of freeing them from software developer dependency. He has been serving as the technical director of Janastu, an IT NGO catering to IT needs of NGOs, and Servelots, a company that has been developing open source community oriented products.

V. Thiruppugazh belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is of Gujarat State Cadre since 1991. He served in various district assignments before he was posted in 2001 as the Joint Chief Executive Officer of the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority which was set up as the nodal agency for reconstruction following the Gujarat earthquake. In addition to his contribution in Gujarat earthquake reconstruction, he also has vast hands on experience of handing various disasters such as floods, cyclones and droughts. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in the Australian National University.

Mahesh Uppal is Director of Com First (India), a Delhi based company that advises on policy, regulation and strategy. After a Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, he obtained an MA in Communications Policy Studies from City University, London. His clients include governments, international private sector and civil society. His work is focused on telecommunications in its various roles including a major industry, utility, and tool for national development, productivity and competitiveness. He comments on major telecom developments in his frequent articles in major newspapers and professional magazines, interviews and comments in print, radio and television.

Dr. Digambar Bhouraskar worked in the United Nations in New York for thirty two years (1957-1989). He held several senior positions including Director of the Development Administration Programme in the Department of Technical Cooperation. He was closely associated with several aspects of UN development aid and was responsible for managing a sizable programme of aid.

He served as Financial Adviser to the Government of Jamaica (1989-1990). He was a Fellow at the Center for Management of Baruch College, CUNY, in New York (1991-1993) and was Adjunct Professor of Economics at Baruch College (1993-1998). He also served as consultant to UN and UNDP.

Dr. Bhouraskar holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Bombay. He was also a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at Princeton University, NJ, USA

List of Tables and Annexures
Note on Document Symbols
Acronyms
Acknowledgements
Preface  

     
1.Establishment of the United Nations Regular Programme

   of Technical Assistance

2.Establishment of the Expanded Programme of

    Technical Assistance (EPTA)

   Part I of the Report

   (A) Objectives of the Programme
   (B) Nature of the Programme
   (C) Fields of Work
   (D) Forms of Technical Assistance
   (E) Organisation and Finance

   Part II of the Report

   Administration, Coordination and Finance
   International Technical Assistance Conference

3.Country Programming and Coordination (EPTA)

4.Growth and Structure of EPTA
     
    A. Introduction
    B. Resources
    C. Local Costs
    D. Project Expenditure and Administrative Costs
    E. Structure
 

5.Evaluation of EPTA

6.United Nations Regular Programme Technical Assistance:
   Growth And Structure

    Introduction
    Evolution of the Programme

7.Special Fund
    I Establishment of The Special Fund
    II Operations
    Capital Development Fund (UNCDF)

8.Creation of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

9.Summary and Observations

Index

N.C. Narayanan is a Senior Fellow at the South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies, Hyderabad, India. He has taught at the Institute of Rural Management, Anand and done research at the Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum and the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands. He is the author of Against the Grain: Political Ecology of Land Use in Kerala Region, India and co-author of TINA and the Milk: Southern Perspectives on Sustainability in the Netherlands (English and Dutch editions). He is currently working on two edited volumes on Water Conflicts and Water Governance in South Asia

Charul Bharwada is an Architect Planner. After an experience of few years in the corporate sector, she is currently trying to understand the issues related to marginalised communities, water and organic farming at SANDARBH Studies, Ahmedabad.

A. Damodaran, Professor and MHRD Chair Professor on IPRs, IIM Bangalore.

Smriti Das, Fellow, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Environment and Development (CISED), Bangalore.

John Kurien, Professor, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum. He is currently Fisheries Co-Management Advisor to the FAO/UN and based in Banda Aceh, Indonesia.

Vinay Mahajan is an Agricultural Engineer and a Post Graduate in Management from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. After an experience of few years in the corporate sector, he is currently trying to understand the issues related to marginalised communities, water and organic farming at SANDARBH Studies, Ahmedabad.

T. Madhava Menon (IAS retired), Former Commissioner and Secretary to Government of Kerala and Vice Chancellor, Kerala Agricultural University.

Nirmal Sengupta, Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai.

Rakesh Tiwary, Researcher, IWMI-Tata Programme, International Water Management Institute, Hyderabad.

Nirmal Sengupta is a Professor at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. Formerly, Director of Madras Institute of Development Studies, he was educated at the Indian Statistical Institute. Other books by him include: Fourth World Dynamics: Jharkhand; Managing Common Property: Irrigation in India and the Philippines; Biodiversity and Quality of Life; and The Economics of Trade Facilitation

Madhulika Banerjee did her graduation in Economics and Ph.D. in Political Science from Delhi University. At present she is a Reader, University of Delhi. She was Visiting Fellow, Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford. Actively involved in issues of traditional medical systems in public health she has published several articles particularly in the area of politics of pharmaceuticals industry and state policy.

Aparna Bhagirathy is M.A. (Economics), Madras University; MPIA (Masters in Pacific International Affairs), University of California, San Diego. At present she is a Research Associate at the Centre for Micro-Finance Research, Chennai. She has published a couple of articles in newsletters, magazines on Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Knowledge. She was also the co-organiser of a series of workshops on traditional knowledge and is principal investigator on a project on traditional knowledge and IPR

Mouchumi Konwer Borgohain is M.A. (Economics) from Gauhati University with specialisation in econometrics and mathematical economics. She has 25 years teaching experience in colleges. At present she is Head, Department of Economics, D.C.B. Girls’ College, Dibrugarh University, Assam. Her other areas of research and interest are women’s studies, ecological economics and environmental economics. She has written several articles on Assam and has worked as resource person for training programmes on gender sensitisation.

Pushpam Kumar Ph.D. in Environmental Economics from the University of Delhi. Currently Reader in Environmental Economics, Institute of Economic Growth (IEG), Delhi. Earlier, he was Lecturer in Economics in the Department of Business Economics in the University of Delhi. Some of his recent publications are a book: Economics of Soil Erosion: Issues and Imperatives from India (2003) and articles “Does Environmental Kuznets Curve Exist for Changing Land Use: Empirical Evidence from Major States of India”, (in International Journal of Sustainable Development, 2003) and “Corporate Social Responsibility: Some Issues” (in Global Business Opportunity). His book (co-author) Economics of Ecosystem Services of Wetlands is in press.

G. Badri Narayanan, B.Tech(Textile Technology), Ph.D. at Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. At present he is a Fellow, Indian Council for Research in International Economic Relations (ICRIER). His broad area of research is Economics and Management of Textile Industry. His article: “Garment Exports–A Mission with Vision” was published in the Journal of Textile Association.

P.S. Ramakrishnan, M.Sc. (Botany); Ph.D., Banaras Hindu University, is an internationally renowned Ecologist, is currently associated with the School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, as a U.G.C. Emeritus Professor. He was Professor of Ecology at Jawaharlal Nehru University; Founder Director, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development; and Professor of Botany/Eco-development, North Eastern Hill University. For his work in the area of population ecology, Professor Ramakrishnan was elected to the Fellowship of National Academy of Sciences (1972), Indian Academy of Sciences (1975) and Indian National Science Academy (1980). For his researches in the area of sustainable management of biodiversity and natural resources, with concerns for sustainable livelihood/development of traditional societies, comprising of about 400 research publications and 17 research volumes, he has received many national and international recognitions including fellowships of the Third World Academy of Sciences, and the Honorary Fellowship of the International Association of Tropical Biology (ATB). Development projects in Nagaland to conserve biodiversity in shifting agriculture affected areas, through an incremental build-up of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), were based on over 20 years of research effort of Professor Ramakrishnan, scientifically validating his theory.

T. Ramasami, after obtaining his Bachelor and Masters degrees in Leather Technology from the University of Madras carried out his doctoral research at the University of Leeds, UK. He worked for six years in the United States at the Ames Energy research laboratory, Iowa, and at Wayne State University, Detroit; he was Visiting Fellow at the University of New Castle upon Tyne, joined the Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) in 1984 as a senior scientist, and was appointed later as Director of CLRI. At present he is the Secretary, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. He is co-author of over 100 publications in refereed journals and more than 50 technical reports. Dr. Ramasami has a broad range of scientific interests and represents a combination of strengths in chemistry, with the capability to develop technologies from first principles. He is a member of several professional scientific and academic bodies in India and abroad, and is a recipient of several awards, including the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Chemical Sciences, special award of honour from the Indian Leather Technologists Association and Coleman Research Prize. In 2001, National Civilian Honour Padma Shri was conferred on him by the Government of India. He is an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences and Indian Leather Technologists Association.

Aromar Revi, formally trained as a technologist and civil engineer, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), is a consultant, researcher and practitioner in development, public policy, technology and sustainability. He is a founding Director of TARU, a leading South Asian research consulting firm and has lectured and taught widely in India and the West. He is also internationally recognised in the areas of systems and cybernetics. He has made a significant contribution to human settlements development in India, for which he was awarded the Ashoka Fellowship in 1990. This includes a key role in the design of India’s national public housing programme, serving on high-level committees of the Government of India and developing housing and urban development sectoral plans for half of India’s states in the early 1990s. This provided him through extensive fieldwork and travel, a unique insight into the immense complexity and diversity of the country. He is one of South Asia’s leading disaster mitigation and management experts and has led emergency teams to assess, plan and execute recovery and rehabilitation programmes for 10 major earthquake, cyclone, surge and flood events affecting over 5 million people.

Nirmal Sengupta Master of Statistics (M. Stat.), Diploma in Econometrics and Planning, Ph.D. (Indian Statistical Institute), is Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai. Before joining IGIDR he was Malcolm Adiseshiah Professor for Policy Studies (former Director) at Madras Institute of Development Studies. He has also worked at the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta; A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies, Patna, as Deputy Director of State Planning Board Bihar; Expert and Consultant to UNDP, FAO, Netherlands Ministery for Development Cooperation, World Commission on Dams and Visiting Scholar at National Institute of Rural Development (Hyderabad), Institute of Philippine Culture (Manila), and Indiana University (Indiana). Sengupta’s varied interests cut across disciplinary boundaries. His writings like “Irrigation: Traditional versus Modern” (1985) and “Traditional Water Management Systems: Primitive or Precious?”, Keynote Address, First Congress on Traditional Science and Technologies of India, initiated research works in indigenous irrigation. His recent books include The Economics of Trade Facilitation (Oxford, 2007), Biodiversity and Quality of Life (ed. Macmillan, 2005), A New Institutional Theory Of Production–An Application (Sage, 2001).

Meera M. Hira Smith is M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sc.) in Geography, Calcutta University. Presently she is Director of Project Well, California, USA and researcher at the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Her thesis was on Impact of Air, Water and Sound Pollution on the People of Calcutta: A Geographical Analysis. Her articles have been published in Geographical Review of India, Environmental Health Perspectives and Epidemiology. Engaged in health research since 1993, her involvement in the field of Arsenic Crisis relief began in 1996. She is the international coordinator and founder of Project Well and maintains a website on this. Besides, she has co-authored a book Easy Way to Learn Bengali consisting of 100 chapters and accompanied by four compact disks (http://www.geocities.com/learnbengali2003/).

Nori Tarui, M.A. (Economics) at Keio University, Tokyo; Ph.D., Department of Applied Economics, and a Scholar at the MacArthur Interdisciplinary Program on Global Change, Sustainability and Justice at the University of Minnesota. Till recently a Fellow at the Earth Institute, Columbia University he is now an Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Hawaii-Manoa. Research areas include common-property resource use, non-market institutions in rural villages and environmental regulation.

K.T. Thomson, graduated with a first class in Mathematics, later did his M.A. (Economics) from Dr. John Mathai Centre, University of Calicut and Ph.D. (Economics) from Madras University. He is a Resource Economist in the School of Industrial Fisheries of Cochin, University of Science and Technology. He is also associated with the Centre for Integrated Coastal Zone Management of the School of Marine Sciences and the Centre for Rural Development and Appropriate Technology (RUDAT) of the Cochin University. He has been associated with Food and Agricultural Organization, Asian Development Bank and the World Bank as consultant fisheries socioeconomist and has done field works in Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia in a variety of issues related to small scale fisheries management. He has finished several projects on coastal biodiversity management and sustainable development. At present he is the co-investigator of two international projects on fisheries, one on co-management in South Asian fisheries and another on estuarine management.

Ramesh Bhatia until his untimely demise in February 2007, was President, Resources and Environment Group, New Delhi. He had long experience of working on international socio-economic and policy issues in the energy and water sectors. His past assignments included Energy Economist and Water Resources Specialist at the World Bank, Global Program Leader at the International Water Management Institute, Member and subsequently Senior Advisor to the Technical Advisory Committee of the Global Water Partnership, Professor of Economics at the Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, and a Visiting Professor at Harvard University. He also consulted with many international agencies, including the UNDP, UNICEF, ILO, and Asia-Pacific Development Center.

Rita E. Cestti is currently a Senior Rural Development Specialist in The Sustainable Development Department for the Latin America and the Caribbean region at the World Bank, Washington, DC. She has managed the identification, preparation and supervision of a number of water-related natural resources, environmental and disaster management projects in several countries and has led the preparation of several pieces of economic sector work. She has conducted extensive economic analysis in terms of sector work and project analysis as well as in-depth research in the areas of economics of water resources, demand management, water allocation, water pricing, water pollution control, and integrated planning.

Monica Scatasta is currently the Coordinator of OECD's Water Project on “Sustainable Financing to Ensure Afford-able Access to Water and Sanitation". She is seconded to OECD from the European Investment Bank, where she is a Senior Economist in the Water and Environmental Pro-tection Division. Previously, she has worked for the World Bank and IFPRI in Washington, DC. She also worked in Brazil as part of the team supporting the Environment Ministry, National Water Agency and Paraíba do Sul River Basin Committee in the creation of the basin's water management system.

R.P.S. Malik is an economist currently working as a senior faculty member with the Agricultural Economics Research Centre, University of Delhi. He has more than three decades of research experience of working on various issues in agricultural and resource economics, notably on water resources, and has published extensively, including three books, in these areas. He has earlier worked for the World Bank, World Resources Institute, Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization and Agro Economic Research Centre, Shimla

Part I: Methodological Issues and Overview of Results

1.Introduction 
— Ramesh Bhatia, R.P.S. Malik, Rita Cestti and Monica Scatasta

2.Methodological Issues 
— Ramesh Bhatia and Monica Scatasta

3.Comparative Analysis of Results of the Four Case Studies 
— Ramesh Bhatia, R.P.S. Malik, and Rita Cestti

4.Quantifying Indirect Economic Impacts: Indicative Guidance

    Notes for Practitioners
— R.P.S. Malik and Alessandro Palmeiri

5.Recommendations for Additional Work 
— Ramesh Bhatia, R.P.S. Malik, Monica Scatasta and Rita Cestti

Part II: Case Studies

6.Bhakra Multipurpose Dam System, India
— Ramesh Bhatia and R.P.S. Malik

7.Check Dams in the Bunga Village, India
— R.P.S. Malik and Meera Bhatia

8.The High Dam at Aswan 
— Sherman Robinson, Ken Strzepek, Moataz El-Said and Hans Lofgren

9.Sobradinho Dam and the Cascade of Reservoirs on the Sub-médio

   São Francisco River, Brazil
— Monica Scatasta

10.Afterword 
— John Briscoe

Indira Hirway is the director and professor of economics at the Centre For Development Alternatives (CFDA), Ahmedabad, India. She studied for her Masters at the Delhi School of Economics, Delhi and for her PhD at the University of Bombay, Mumbai. She has pub-lished books and articles in several areas— poverty and human development, labour and employment, globalisation and development paradigms as well as environment and development and environment accounting.

Subhrangsu Goswami is an environmental engineer and environmental planner. He has been actively involved in various research projects in the field of water, environment and development, at CFDA as well as at the School of Planning, CEPT, Ahmedabad. Currently, he is a doctoral scholar of Planning and Public Policy at CEPT University, Ahmedabad

List of Figures, Tables and Annexures
Acronyms
Acknowledgement

1.Valuation of Mangroves: A Major Ecosystem on the Indian Coast
     
   Introduction
   Mangroves: Critical for Ecology and Economy
      Economic Uses
      Protection against Strong Winds, Cyclones and Tsunami Waves
  Other Critical Ecological Functions
  Global Status of Mangroves
  Mangroves in India
     Biodiversity of Mangrove Ecosystem in India
     Mangroves of West Coast
     Mangroves of East Coast
  Depletion and Degradation of Mangroves in India
  Conservation Measures
  Present Study

2.Changing Status of Mangroves in Gujarat
     
   Mangroves in Gujarat
   Classification of Mangroves
     Onshore Mangroves
     Estuarine Mangroves
     Deltaic Mangroves
     Mangroves of the Gulf
  Changing Status of Mangroves in the State
     Mangroves between 1960s and 1980s
     Depletion and Degradation of Mangroves in the 1990s
  Restoration and Regeneration of Mangroves in Gujarat
  REMAG Project
  Potential of Mangroves in the State

3.Approach to Valuation of Mangroves
     
   Framework for Valuation of Mangroves
       Replacement Cost Versus Development Cost
       Use and Non-use Value
       Value of Mangroves at Different Levels
       Livelihood Protection and Distributional Dimension of Valuation
       Present and Potential Value of Mangroves
    Methods of Valuation of Mangroves
      The Replacement Method
      Estimating Direct and Indirect Use Value of Mangroves
      Estimating Non-use Value of Mangroves
      Potential Value of Mangroves

4.Replacement Value of Mangroves
     
   The Sample Villages
     Regeneration of Mangroves in the Selected Villages
   Replacement and Restoration Cost
   Value of Full Restoration of Mangroves in the State

5.The Present Direct and Indirect Use Value of Mangroves in Gujarat
     
   The Direct Use Value of Mangroves
     Value of Mangroves as Fodder
     Value of Mangroves as Fuel Wood and for Construction
     Value of Mangroves as Timber
     Collection of Crabs, Mudskippers and Fish from Mangrove Waters
     Total Direct Use Value of Mangroves in Gujarat
  Indirect Use Value of Mangroves
     Indirect Use Value of Mangroves for On-shore Fishery
     Value of Mangroves for Off-shore Fisheries
     Indirect Use Value of Mangroves for Protection
     Value of Mangroves for their Ecological Functions
  Potential Direct Use Value of Mangroves
     Wood Products
     Non-wood Products
     Recreation and Ecotourism
     Summary Picture of Direct and Indirect Use Value

6.Estimating Non-use Value of Mangroves
     
   Non-use Value and Indirect Use Value
     Carbon Sequestration
     Shoreline Stabilisation/Erosion Control
  Mangroves for the Future

7.Concluding Observations and Inferences
     
   Use and Non-use Value of Mangroves
   Limitations of Valuation
   Need For Further Research
   Inferences For Coastal Development Policy

     
Selected References
Index