“Time and again, in many forums we have discussed  the simmering agrarian crisis in various parts of India and concluded about its presence but rarely took the arguments to logical end.Here is an attempt to put the entire issue in correct perspective across the country that highlights the entire debate. This edited book provides a refreshing reading and a good understanding of the subject especially from the lenses of young researchers commented by seasoned academics and administrators. Such churning surely helps the policy makers. The method of presentation is inimitable and quite encouraging.”
R.S. Deshpande
Former Director, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore.

“This book brings together a set of papers on India's agrarian crisis presented at a national seminar at the NIRD. The topics cover a number of crucial issues facing Indian agriculture today from stagnation of yields to erosion of farm incomes to farmers’ suicides—all these happening in a fast growing Indian economy. It underlines, in my opinion, not only the inadequate attention paid to agriculture but also a case of exclusionary growth. There is an urgent need to bring back agriculture and rural development at the centre stage of India's quest for inclusive development.”
K. P. Kannan
Development Economist and Former Director, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum.

K. Suman Chandra is Professor & Head, Centre for Agrarian Studies and Disaster Mitigation, National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad. His areas of specialisation include agrarian reforms in general and tenancy reforms in particular. A sociologist by training, he has extensive field work experience which served as the basis for training rural development functionaries over the last two decades. To his credit there are four books and several articles published in reputed journals.

V. Suresh Babu is Assistant Professor, Centre for Agrarian Studies and Disaster Mitigation, NIRD, Hyderabad. His areas of research include: agriculture, agro-forestry, bio-inputs, watersheds, wage and self-employment. Dr Babu has published several papers in reputed journals.

Pradip Kumar Nath is Adjunct Faculty, Centre for Agrarian Studies and Disaster Mitigation, NIRD, Hyderabad. Presently, he is actively engaged in research and training in the areas of disaster mitigation and agrarian issues. Trained in economics, he has to his credit few publications on regional disparity, folklore, and issues related to marginalised communities (SC & ST).

Sudipta Bhattacharyya, Binod K. Das, K.K. Datta, Rajiv Dey, Shrikant Shaligram Kalamkar, Elumalai Kannan, E. Naveen Kumar, N. Kishore Kumar, R.V. Ramana Murthy, Ghanshyam Kumar Pandey, P.A. Lakshmi Prasanna, P. Prashanth, G.K. Rajesh, Chirala Sankar Rao, Shiv Raj Singh Rathore, M. Jagan Mohan Reddy, Anil Kumar Roy, Partha Saha, Swatahsiddha Sarkar, T. Satyanarayana, Sangeeta Shroff, Mamata Swain, Mrutyunjay Swain, Amarnath Tripathi.

S. Bisaliah, PhD in Agriculture Economics from University of Minnesota, has been engaged in teaching, research, development work and academic administration for the last four decades. He has 170 research articles and policy reports on agriculture/rural development and capital formation in agriculture.

S. Mahendra Dev is Director, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai, India. Earlier, he was Chairman of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Govt. of India, Delhi and Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. He received his PhD from the Delhi School of Economics and completed his post-doctoral research at Yale. He has more than 100 research publications in national and international journals and   has written extensively on agricultural development, poverty and public policy, food security, employment guarantee schemes, social security, farm and non-farm employment.

Syed Saifullah is presently working as a Senior Policy Officer in the Policy Assistance and Support Service of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. A PhD in Economics from University of Paris-Dauphine, France, his field of specialisation includes: modelling for policy analysis, providing policy assistance and advice for sustainable agriculture and rural development, and international trade. Dr Syed has published several research papers and is co-author of the book: Agriculture in the Cook Islands: New Directions (1993). 

Dhritisree Sarkar is a PhD student at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai. Her research topic is “Feminisation of Poverty in India”. She has done her Masters in Economics from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.  Her research interests include development economics, agricultural economics and econometrics.

Kamal Kumar Datta an Economics honours graduate, post graduated from Calcutta University and did his PhD in Economics from Kurukshetra University and Masters in Business Management from Annamalai University.

In 2010, he was awarded ICAR Award for Outstanding Interdisciplinary Team Research 2007-08 in Social Sciences. Presently he is working on sustainable agricultural system to develop a suitable farming system alternative to the existing intensive/extensive method of cultivation. He has more than 100 research publications in various peer-reviewed and refereed research journals of national and international repute. He has contributed to more than 20 technical bulletins and other publications. He has received several awards for best papers as well as best presentation in well reputed leading journals like Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Agricultural Economics Research Association.

Subhasis Mandal, after graduating from Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidayalaya (BCKVV), Mohanpur (West Bengal) completed his Masters in Agricultural Economics from Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) and PhD in Agricultural Economics from Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. In 2005, he received Dr. D.T. Doshi Award for best paper presentation by Agricultural Economics Research Association (AERA). As team member, he has been recognised and received ‘Ground Water Augmentation Award 2008’ under the Institution category in the northeast region, bestowed by Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. He has more than 20 research publications in various peer-reviewed and refereed research journals of national and international repute and has contributed to several technical bulletins, books and other publications. Since 2008, he is working as Senior Scientist (Agricultural Economics), at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Regional Research Station (RRS), Canning Town, West Bengal.

"The book attempts to perceive two faces of Indian agriculture, Punjab representing the prosperous Indian farmer yet attempting suicide and Bihar representing the deprived and subsistence farmer trying to come out of the ebb of poverty and deprivation. Must publish this work"

— Prof R.S. Deshpande

     Director ISEC, Bangalore

"Interesting work on contrasting picture of Indian agriculture and reforms."

— Sucha Singh Gill

    Director CRIDD, Chandigarh

Parmod Kumar is presently Professor and Head, Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. Previously, he worked at the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi. He obtained his Post-doctorate in Economics as ‘Sir Ratan Tata Fellow’ from the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi and Doctorate in Economics from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He also worked as a faculty at Delhi University in his initial academic career. He was Fellow under the ‘International Visitors Program’ sponsored by the Government of United States.

Dr. Kumar has authored several books and published more than 30 research articles in the refereed national and international journals. His core theme of work relates to agriculture and rural development. He is leading several research projects sponsored by the Government of India and various international organisations.

Sandip Sarkar is currently Professor at the Institute for Human Development, New Delhi. Previously, he has worked in several research institutes like Institute of Economic Growth and Institute for Studies in Industrial Development. He is a doctorate in Economics in the field of agro-industry and its inter-linkage with agriculture.

He has authored two books and large number of research articles in reputed journals. His main area of research is poverty, labour and livelihood in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors in which he has worked over two decades. He has been extensively involved in several large research projects funded by reputed national and international agencies.

S. Bisaliah, PhD in Agriculture Economics from University of Minnesota, has been engaged in teaching, research, development work and academic administration for the last four decades. He had served as Chairman, Karnataka State Agricultural Price Commission, contributing for policy and programme formulation for agriculture development. He has 170 research articles and policy reports on agriculture/rural development and capital formation in agriculture.

S. Mahendra Dev is Director, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai, India. He received his PhD from the Delhi School of Economics and his Post-doctoral research at Yale. He has more than 100 research publications in national and international journals and has written extensively on agricultural development, poverty and public policy, food security, employment guarantee schemes, social security, farm and non-farm employment. 

Saifullah Syed is Senior Policy Officer, Policy Assistance and Support Service, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations He completed his MSc in Economics  from Birkbeck College, University of London and PhD in Economics from University of Paris-Dauphine, France. He has published several research papers and is co-author of the book: Agriculture in the Cook Islands: New Directions (1993).

Nilabja Ghosh, currently in the faculty of Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, India, has taught economics and served in reputed institutes as a researcher in agricultural economics and rural development. Her PhD in economics is from the Indian Statistical Institute.

She was a consultant with the United Nations University, participated in international and national collaborative research projects and regularly contributes inputs for government policymaking. Her research interests are econometric modelling, agricultural supply related issues, food markets, gender and environment, including climate change issues. She has written several articles for national and international journals and conferences and coauthored two books.

C.S.C. Sekhar is currently Associate Professor at the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, India. He holds a PhD degree in economics from the Delhi School of Economics and a bachelor degree in law (LLB) from Delhi University. His main research interests relate to empirical work (econometric modelling) on market structure, price formation, international commodity markets and agricultural trade. His other areas of interest include political economy of development and development economics. He has widely published in journals of national and international repute.

Yogesh Bhatt

Sangeeta Chakravarty

Ramesh Chand

S. Galab

Nilabja Ghosh

Danish A. Hashim

K.S. Kavi Kumar

N. Chandrasekhara Rao

P. Prudhvikar Reddy

E. Revathi

C.S.C Sekhar

Arjun Sengupta (Late)

Nirmal Sengupta

V. Shunmugam

Sukhpal Singh

Vijay S. Vyas

N. Chandrasekhara Rao is Associate Professor at the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad. Several of his research papers were published in reputed journals in the field of economics. His areas of research interest include agricultural and development economics, poverty reduction and labour market.

S. Mahendra Dev is Chairman, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, New Delhi. Earlier he was Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad. He has written extensively on agricultural development, poverty and public policy, food security, employment guarantee schemes, social security, farm and non-farm employment. He has been a consultant to many international organisations like the UNDP, World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), ESCAP and has also worked as a member in committees set up by the Government of India.

List of Tables, Figures and Appendices 
Foreword 
Preface

1. Introduction

2. Biotechnology and Pro-poor Agricultural Development

3. Commercialisation of Transgenics

4. Profile of Growers and Details of Cotton Cultivation

5. Bollgard Technology and Cotton Profitability

6. Benefits Across Groups of Farmers

7. Employment and Perceptions of Growers

8. Summary of Bt Cotton Performance

9. Conclusions and the Way Forward

References
Index

A world scientist of rare distinction and a living legend Professor M.S. Swaminathan obtained his Ph.D. in Agriculture from University of Cambridge. He has had a distinguished research, teaching, and administrative career at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI); Director General of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR); Secretary Agriculture, Government of India; Director General, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Currently, he is Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) and Member National Advisory Council, Government of India, and Chairman, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai (Madras). He was formerly President, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi and Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.

He was Chairman of the UN Science Advisory Committee set up in 1980 to take follow-up action on the Vienna Plan of Action. He has also served as Independent Chairman of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Council and President of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).

Recipient of numerous national and international awards (including the first World Food Prize in 1987), sixty honorary doctorate degrees from around the world, author of over three hundred research papers and several books, the Time magazine ranked Professor Swaminathan among the twenty most influential Asians of the 20th century.

Foreword: Jeffrey D. Sachs
Introduction: M.S. Swaminathan

Part I 
Sustainable Development in Indian Agriculture

1. Towards Sustainable Agricultural Development
2. Shaping India’s Agricultural Destiny
3. Sustainable Development: The Challenges Ahead
4. Sustainability: Beyond the Economic Factor
5. Corporatisation of Agriculture
6. Bio-happiness in Rural Areas
7. Parched Earth and Public Action

Part II 
Technology and Evergreen Revolution

8. Evergreen Revolution: Need, Problems and Prospects
9. Rationale of Integrated Farming Systems
10. Ecological Farming: Need to Change Course
11. Overcoming Land, Water Shortage
12. Frozen Seeds and Food Security: Significance of the Svalbard Seed Vault
13. New Vistas in Biotechnology
14. Mission 2007: Every Village a Knowledge Centre

Part III 
Sustainable Food Security

15. Beyond the Green Revolution: Food for All and For Ever
16. Food Security for a Growing India
17. Fighting Hunger: Know-How to Do-How
18. Hunger-free Area Programme
19. A Millennium Without Hunger
20. Towards a Nutrition Secure India
21. Towards a Hunger-free India
22. Using the Food Mountain

Part IV 
Agrarian Crisis

23. Farmers’ Distress: Causes and Cures
24. Agrarian Crisis: Policies Should Shift from Suicide Relief to Suicide Prevention
25. Agrarian Crisis: Insights of the Farmers
26. Drought, Flood, Seeds and Suicides
27. Dealing with the Agrarian Crisis

Part V 
WTO and Indian Farmers

28. World Trade, Employment and Poverty
29. Cancun: Blessing and Curse
30 Protecting Our Plant Varieties
31. Farm Research and IPRs
32. Jai Kisan
33. Safeguarding Biological Diversity
34. Farm Families: Unsung Guardians of Food Security

Part VI 
Shaping India’s Agricultural Destiny

35. Shaping Our Agricultural Future
36. For an Evergreen Revolution
37. Pathway to Rural Prosperity
38. Major Challenges in Agriculture and Food Security
39. Three-Pronged Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture
40. Towards Biosecurity in Agriculture
41. Jal Swaraj: A Win-Win Situation for All
42. Ecological Security: Pathway to Sustainable Human Security
43. Monsoon Management in an Era of Climate Change
44. Media and the Farm Sector
45. Copenhagen, Tsunami and Hunger

Index

K.L. Krishna, formerly, Professor and Head, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, ranks amongst the most distinguished economists in India, and is widely respected in the teaching, research and the student fraternity. He is presently, Chairman, Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad and Hony. Research Advisor, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi. Professor Krishna has overseen success-ful completion of over 40 Ph.D. and M.Phil dissertations, covering almost all important branches of economics.

Uma Kapila, author/editor of several books, has taught Indian Economy to undergraduate students for over forty-two years. She recently retired as Reader from Department of Economics, Miranda House, University of Delhi. Presently she is Senior Editor, Academic Foundation. Widely read reference texts edited/authored by her include: Indian Economy Since Independence, 19th Edition 2008-09; India's Economic Development Since1947, 3rd Edition 2008-09; and Indian Economy: Performance and Policies, 8th Edition 2008-09.

Manish Agarwal. Policy Analyst, CUTS Centre for Competition, Investment & Economic Regulation (C-CIER).

Isher Judge Ahluwalia. Chairperson, Board of Trustees, IFPRI, Washington, USA.

T.C.A. Anant. Professor, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi.

G.S. Bhalla. Professor Emeritus, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

Aditya Bhattacharjea. Professor, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi.

S. Chakravarthy. Former Member, MRTP Commission, Adviser/Consultant on Competition Policy and Law and Fellow, CUTS Centre for Competition, Investment and Economic Regulation (C-CIER)

Ramesh Chand. National Professor, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi.

Bishwanath Goldar. Professor, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi.

Ashok Gulati. IFPRI Director in Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute, New Delhi.

P.D. Jeromi (late). Deptt. of Economic Analysis & Policy, Reserve Bank of India, Kochi.

Uma Kapila. Reader, (Retd.) Department of Economics, Miranda House, University of Delhi. Presently, Senior Editor, Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

K.L. Krishna. Chairman, Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad; Hony. Research Advisor, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi.

Nagesh Kumar. Director General, Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi, India.

Rip Landes. Senior Economist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington.

R. Nagaraj. Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai.

Manoj Pant. Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

Manoranjan Pattanayak. Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

Mihir Rakshit. Director, Monetary Research Project, Investment Credit Rating Agency (ICRA) Ltd., Kolkata.

K.V. Ramaswamy. Associate Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai.

C.H. Hanumantha Rao. Ex-Chairman, Institute of Economic Growth; Ex-Member, Finance Commission and Planning Commission, New Delhi.

V.M. Rao. Visiting Fellow, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore.

Surjit Singh. Director, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

M.H. Bala Subrahmanya. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

Suresh D. Tendulkar. Chairman, PM Economic Advisory Council; Honorary Professor, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi.

V.S. Vyas. Professor Emeritus, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

K.L. Krishna, formerly, Professor and Head, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, ranks amongst the most distinguished economists in India, and is widely respected in the teaching, research and the student fraternity. He is presently, Chairman, Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad and Hony. Research Advisor, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi. Professor Krishna has overseen success-ful completion of over 40 Ph.D. and M.Phil dissertations, covering almost all important branches of economics.

Uma Kapila, author/editor of several books, has taught Indian Economy to undergraduate students for over forty-two years. She recently retired as Reader from Department of Economics, Miranda House, University of Delhi. Presently she is Senior Editor, Academic Foundation. Widely read reference texts edited/authored by her include: Indian Economy Since Independence, 19th Edition 2008-09; India's Economic Development Since1947, 3rd Edition 2008-09; and Indian Economy: Performance and Policies, 8th Edition 2008-09.

Manish Agarwal. Policy Analyst, CUTS Centre for Competition, Investment & Economic Regulation (C-CIER).

Isher Judge Ahluwalia. Chairperson, Board of Trustees, IFPRI, Washington, USA.

T.C.A. Anant. Professor, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi.

G.S. Bhalla. Professor Emeritus, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

Aditya Bhattacharjea. Professor, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi.

S. Chakravarthy. Former Member, MRTP Commission, Adviser/Consultant on Competition Policy and Law and Fellow, CUTS Centre for Competition, Investment and Economic Regulation (C-CIER)

Ramesh Chand. National Professor, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi.

Bishwanath Goldar. Professor, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi.

Ashok Gulati. IFPRI Director in Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute, New Delhi.

P.D. Jeromi (late). Deptt. of Economic Analysis & Policy, Reserve Bank of India, Kochi.

Uma Kapila. Reader, (Retd.) Department of Economics, Miranda House, University of Delhi. Presently, Senior Editor, Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

K.L. Krishna. Chairman, Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad; Hony. Research Advisor, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi.

Nagesh Kumar. Director General, Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi, India.

Rip Landes. Senior Economist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington.

R. Nagaraj. Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai.

Manoj Pant. Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

Manoranjan Pattanayak. Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

Mihir Rakshit. Director, Monetary Research Project, Investment Credit Rating Agency (ICRA) Ltd., Kolkata.

K.V. Ramaswamy. Associate Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai.

C.H. Hanumantha Rao. Ex-Chairman, Institute of Economic Growth; Ex-Member, Finance Commission and Planning Commission, New Delhi.

V.M. Rao. Visiting Fellow, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore.

Surjit Singh. Director, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

M.H. Bala Subrahmanya. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

Suresh D. Tendulkar. Chairman, PM Economic Advisory Council; Honorary Professor, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi.

V.S. Vyas. Professor Emeritus, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Dr. S. S. Raju is working as a Senior Scientist (Agricultural Economics) at National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi. He has been awarded APAU Agro-economic Research Gold Medals at M.Sc (Ag) and Ph.D (Ag) levels for obtaining highest OGPA in the discipline of Agricultural Economics at University level. He is also the recipient of the Team Research award of ICAR for the biennium 1999–2000. Dr. Raju is engaged in research on agricultural instability, livestock economics, agriculture growth and development. He has authored 25 research papers published in national and international journals. He was associated with 10 national and international research projects.

Dr. Ramesh Chand is ICAR National Professor, and Theme Leader (Market and Trade) at NCAP, New Delhi, India. Prior to this he has been Acting Director and Principal Scientist at NCAP, Professor and Head-Agricultural Economics Unit at Institute of Economic Growth (IEG), Professor of Marketing at Punjab Agricultural University. He was visiting Fellow at Institute of Developing Economies, Chiba Shi, Japan (2003). His Ph.D. thesis, submitted to Indian Agricultural Research Institute, was selected for Jawaharlal Nehru Award of Indian Council of Agricultural Research in recognition of its outstanding research contributions. Dr. Chand worked as consultant for FAO, ESCAP, UNDP, World Bank, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi and Government of Punjab. He has served on several high level committees of various Ministries at the Centre. At present he is engaged in research on food policy, trade liberalisation, WTO and Asian agriculture and development economics. Dr. Chand is author of 5 books and 70 research papers published in reputed national and international journals.

List of Tables
Preface
Abbreviations

1. Introduction

1.1 Farmers’ Strategies for Risk Mitigation

1.2 Agriculture Insurance for Risk Mitigation

1.3 Impact of Insurance

1.4 Credit Linked Insurance

1.5 Philosophy of Crop Insurance

1.6 Organisation of the Book

2. Risk in Agricultural Production

2.1 All India Picture

2.2 State Level Picture

2.2.1 Rice

2.2.2 Wheat

2.2.3 Groundnut

2.2.4 Rapeseed and Mustard

2.2.5 Cotton

2.2.6 Sugarcane

2.3 Risk in Andhra Pradesh Agriculture at Disaggregate Level

2.3.1 Risk at District Level for the State of Andhra Pradesh

2.3.2 Factors Affecting Risk

3. Progress and Performance of Agricultural Insurance

3.1 Crop Insurance Approaches

3.2 Agricultural Insurance Schemes

3.2.1 First Individual Approach Scheme 1972-1978

3.2.2 Pilot Crop Insurance Scheme (PCIS) 1979-1984

3.2.3 Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS) 1985-1999

3.2.4 Experimental Crop Insurance Scheme (ECIS) 1997-98

3.2.5 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) 1999

3.3 Other Agricultural Insurance Schemes

3.3.1 Farm Income Insurance

3.3.2 Livestock Insurance

3.3.3 Weather based Crop Insurance/Rainfall Insurance

3.4 Comparative Picture of Various Agricultural Insurance Schemes

4. Farmers’ Perceptions about Agricultural Insurance: Field Level

    Results from Andhra Pradesh

4.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of Sample Farmers

4.2 Response of Loanee Farmers

4.3 Response of Non-borrowers and not Insured Farmers

5. Issues Related to Agricultural Insurance

5.1 Issues Related to Nais

5.1.1 Reduction of Insurance Unit to Village Panchayat Level

5.1.2 Threshold/Guaranteed Yield

5.1.3 Levels of Indemnity

5.1.4 Extending Risk Coverage to Prevented Sowing/Planting, in Adverse Seasonal Conditions

5.1.5 Coverage of Post-harvest Losses

5.1.6 On-account Settlement of Claims

5.1.7 Service to Non-loanee Farmers

5.1.8 Premium Sharing by Financial Institutions

5.2 General Issues

5.2.1 Role of Government

5.2.2 Perils to be Covered

5.2.3 Involvement of Public or Private Sector

5.3 Individual/Area Approach and Coverage

5.4 Assured Value, Loss Assessment and Premium

6. Global Picture of Agricultural Insurance

6.1 Lessons from Other Countries

6.2 World Trade Organization Regulations

7. Conclusions and Policy Suggestions

7.1 Conclusions

7.2 Policy Suggestions

7.3 Prospects of Agricultural Insurance

References

Glossary of Agricultural Insurance Terms

Index

Surjit Singh is Director, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. Earlier he was Professor at the Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, and was Chair Professor, Bank of India Chair on Rural Credit, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. He has been member of various committees and task forces at the national and state levels. He has widely published and has 10 books to his credit.

V. Ratna Reddy is Professor at the Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. He was visiting fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, UK and School of Geography, University of Leeds, UK. He has been a consultant to UNDP, World Bank, DFID, European Commission, ICRISAT, etc. His research interests include: environ-mental and natural resource econo-mics, new institutional economics and agricultural policy. Dr. Reddy has about hundred research publications in international and national journals and five books to his credit.

Jock R. Anderson was a Professor of Agricultural Economics at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia. He directed the 1984-85 Impact Study of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and joined the World Bank in 1989, where he served as an Agriculture Adviser, including a stint in its Operations Evaluation Department, now the Independent Evaluation Group, where he continues to serve.

S.L. Bapna is Chairman, Post Graduate Programme in Agribusiness Management, National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur. Earlier he was professor at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA). His specialisation is in agricultural marketing and procurement of raw material for agro-processing.

Regina Birner was an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Rural Development at the University of Göttingen, Germany. She joined the Development Strategy and Governance Division of IFPRI in 2004 to lead the Institute’s research programme on “Governance for Agriculture and Rural Development”. Her research interests include the political economy of agricultural policy-making and the analysis of local governance, rural service provision and public sector reforms, including contemporary studies in several Indian States.

G.K. Chadha is Member, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India. Earlier, he was Vice-Chancellor and Professor of Economics Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He was Chairman UGC Pay Review Committee. He has been consultant to various international organisations and has 16 books to his credit and more than 80 research papers in national and international journals.

Kanchan Chopra is Director, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. She also heads the Environmental and Resource Unit of the Institute. She has published extensively on issues at the interface of environment and development in particular water and forest resource management and common property resources. Prof. Chopra is an Associate of the lately initiated Ecological and Environmental Economics Programme of the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics hosted by the ICTP, Trieste.

Ralph W. Cummings Jr. has served with the US Agency for International Development (USAID), The Rockefeller Foundation and the Harvard Development Advisory Service, as well as on the faculties of several US universities. He has been the US representative to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the US Executive Director to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). He has authored, co-authored and edited several books and numerous published articles.

R.S. Deshpande is Director, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. He also worked at Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune. He specialises in development economics, agricultural economics, international trade and econometrics. He has published extensively on agricultural development, international trade in agriculture, WTO and its impact on agriculture, movements, irrigation and watershed development. He has been consultant to projects of the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Land Equity International.

S. Mahendra Dev is Chairman, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices. He was earlier Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. He has written extensively on agricultural development, poverty and public policy, food security, employment guarantee schemes, social security, farm and non-farm employment. He has been a consultant and advisor to many international organisations like the UNDP, UNICEF, World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute and ESCAP. He has been a member of several government committees.

Vasant P. Gandhi is Chairman, Centre for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. He was consultant and researcher with the World Bank and Research Fellow with the International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC and consultant to numerous other organisations including the Food and Agriculture Organisation, Government of Gujarat, Government of Madhya Pradesh and several private companies. Dr. Gandhi has published and presented extensively, both nationally and internationally, and has current interest in management of agro-industries and marketing of agricultural inputs.

Ashok Gulati is Director in Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute. During January 2001 to February 2006, he was Director of the Markets, Trade and Institutions Division at IFPRI, prior to which he was NABARD Chair Professor at the Institute of Economic Growth, and a member of the Economic Advisory Council of the Prime Minister of India.

K.C. Hiremath is editor-in-chief of Agricultural Economics Research Review since 1988.

N. Vijay Jagannathan is the Sector Manager for Water in the Sustainable Development Department, Middle East and North Africa Region, of the World Bank Group. Prior to this assignment, he worked on water supply and sanitation programmes in Southeast Asia, and in the World Bank’s infrastructure and environment departments. Before joining the World Bank, Dr. Jagannathan worked for 16 years in the India Administrative Service in various positions in West Bengal.

N.S. Jodha is Policy Analyst at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in Kathmandu, Nepal. Dr. Jodha has been engaged in research, training and advisory work in dry tropics (of India as well as Africa) and mountain regions (i.e., countries of Hindukush-Himalaya) while associated with Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centres such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), ICIMOD, World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) as well as several national and bilateral agencies. He has published several papers and books.

K.P. Kannan is Member, National Commission for Enterprises in Unorganised Sector. He was earlier Fellow & Director and Indian Planning Commission Chair Professor of Development Economics, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum. Dr. Kannan has widely published in national and international journals.

A. Ganesh Kumar is an Associate Professor at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. He specialises in agricultural economics, especially food security issues, computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling related to that, international trade competitiveness and finance, and econometric applications.

Michael Lipton is Research Professor of Economics, University of Sussex, Brighton, England. His main research interest is the reduction of poverty as it is affected by changes in agricultural technology, especially irrigation choices and new varieties of seeds (including transgenic), rural-urban economic relations and resource flows, nutrition, economic aid, changing population size and structure, and farm size and land reform, on which he is completing a book. He has authored several books and numerous articles in various journals. He has worked with the World Bank, ILO and FAO.

K.V. Raju is Chief Economic Advisor to the Chief Minister of Karnataka. He served as a faculty member in Institute for Social and Economic Change for about two decades. He specialises in ecological economics, resource economics, urban planning, irrigation economics and rural development. He has published several books.

V.M. Rao is Honorary Visiting Fellow, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. He is also associated with Indian School of Political Economy, Pune, and Public Affairs Foundation, Bangalore. He was Member, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Government of India (1991-1995). He has had a long association with Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Mumbai. His writings have been published in many academic journals.

V. Ratna Reddy is Professor at the Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. He was visiting fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, UK and School of Geography, University of Leeds, UK. He has been a consultant to UNDP, World Bank, DFID, European Commission, ICRISAT, etc. His research interests include: environmental and natural resource economics, new institutional economics and agricultural policy. Dr. Reddy has about hundred research publications in international and national journals and five books to his credit.

Tushaar Shah is Senior Advisor to the DG IWMI India. He was formerly the Director of the Institute of Rural Management at Anand. He has consulted with scores of NGOs, government and lending institutions including the World Bank, Ford Foundation, Swiss Agency for Development Co-operation, Swedish International Development Agency, Sir Ratan Tata Trust and Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. Most recently, Prof. Shah works primarily on water policies and institutions.

Ajit Kumar Singh is Director, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow. Prof. Singh has been a member of various working groups and committees of the government at the state and central level. His main areas of interest are regional and rural development, state finances and human development.

Richa Singh is an UGC Senior Research Fellow at CSRD, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She has worked intensively on issues related to rural labour in India and has published a number of research papers in reputed journals in her area of specialisation.

Surjit Singh is Director, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. Earlier he was Professor at the Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, and was Chair Professor, Bank of India Chair on Rural Credit, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. He has been member of various committees and task forces at the national and state levels. He has widely published and has 10 books to his credit.

Shilp Verma is Doctoral Research Fellow, UNESCO-IHE, The Hague Area, Netherlands. He was Water Policy Researcher at International Water Management Institute (IWMI-Tata Water Policy Programme, Anand) and PRM Participant at Institute of Rural Management, Anand. His interests are: water use in agriculture, river-basin development and management, water-poverty linkages, energy-irrigation nexus, groundwater governance, management and economic institutions.

Vinod Vyasulu has taught at the IIM Bangalore, XLRI, Jamshedpur, and held the RBI Chair in the Institute for Social and Economic Change. He has been Director of the Institute of Public Enterprise Hyderabad. At present, he is Director of the Centre for Budget and Policy Studies in Bangalore and plans to work on science fiction.

Qi Zhang is research fellow at Institute for World Economy & Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing. He is also an academic consultant for the Center for Agricultural Policies, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

S.M. Jharwal is currently, Principal Adviser, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. After having taught Economics in a college of the University of Rajasthan, he joined the Indian Economic Service. He has served in eight Ministries/Departments and dealt with policies and programmes relating to some of the most crucial sectors of the economy. He has travelled widely, not only outside India but has visited about 250 districts in the country, particularly for assessing crop conditions in India and to enforce the public distribution system.

R.S. Deshpande is a professor at ADRT Centre of Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore. He has served on various policy bodies of the Government of India and the Government of Karnataka. He has authored several books on various aspects of India’s agriculture.

Vijay Paul Sharma is Chairman of the Centre for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. His research interests are: trade policy issues including the WTO, domestic market reforms and dairy economics. He has published quite a few books and over 100 articles. He has been consultant to several national and international organisations.

R.P.S. Malik is a senior faculty member with the Agricultural Economics Research Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi. He has more than three decades of research experience of working on various issues in agricultural and resource economics and has published extensively, including three books.

Brajesh Jha is Associate Professor in the Agricultural Economics Unit of Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi. Having worked on diverse aspects of agriculture and rural economy, he has authored a book and over two dozen research papers in professional journals/edited volumes.

S.A. Ansari is a professor at the University of Allahabad since 1998. In 2002, he was appointed Honorary Director, Agro-Economic Research Centre at the University of Allahabad. He has published about 40 research papers and articles on different aspects of the Indian economy in some of the leading journals.

List of Tables, Figures, Boxes and Appendices
About the Editors
Foreword
Preface
Message
General Editor’s Note

Volume I

 
Introduction

Section I

Macro Issues in India’s Agricultural Economy

Macro Policy Changes and Response of

Indian Agriculture 

— Ramesh Chand

WTO: Competitiveness and Bound Tariff Requirements

of Indian Agricultural Commodities

— Gopal Naik, Gurdev Singh, Tamanna Chaturvedi,

     S.R. Asokan and Sudhir Kumar Jain

Impact of Removal of Quantitative Restrictions on Import

of Agricultural Produce 

— R.S. Deshpande and P. Thippaiah

Market Access and Marketing Constraints for

Agricultural Commodities in India

— Satish Y. Deodhar, Vijay P. Sharma,

    Gopal Naik and Vijay Intodiah

Impact of Minimum Support Prices on the

Agricultural Economy 

— R.S. Deshpande

Impact of Agriculture Trade and Related Reforms on

Domestic Food Security in India

— Ramesh Chand, Praduman Kumar and Sapna Sinha

Buffer Stocking Policy for Tenth Five Year Plan 
— Prem S. Vashishtha and Linu M. Philip

Institutional Issues in Indian Agriculture 
— R. Maria Saleth
 

Section II
Oilseeds and Pulses

Oilseeds and Oil Economy of India 
— Vijay Paul Sharma, Saradendu Patnaik
    and Hiren Tilala

Macro Aspect of Oilseed and Edible Oil Economy 
— Vijay Paul Sharma, Saradendu Patnaik
     and Hiren Tilala

Introducing of Oilseed Crops in Non-Traditional Areas 
— Rajeshree A. Dutta

Liberalised Imports and Low Tariff in Edible Oil Sector:
Analysis of Impact 
— D.S. Bhupal

Pulse Production in India: Constraints
and Opportunities 
— S.K. Gupta

Section III
Credit and Cooperatives

Credit to Small and Marginal Farmers in India 
— Samar K. Datta and M.S. Sriram

Role of Cooperative Credit in Development
of Farmers 
— V.J. Dave

Cooperative Marketing Societies: A
Performance Appraisal 
— V.J. Dave

Soft Loan Schemes for Horticulture 
— K.G. Kshirsagar

Section IV
Trade and Marketing

India’s Agro Export Potential and Real Costs in the
Changed International Scenario
— Ramesh Chand and S.S. Yadav

Economics of Export Oriented Horticultural Crops 
— S.P. Saraswat and M.L. Sharma

Spices Production and Export 
— Bharti Sharma

Fruits and Vegetable Marketing in India 
— Vasant P. Gandhi and N.V. Namboodiri

Extent of Customs Tariff on Urea after Removal of
Quantitative Restrictions under WTO Agreement 
— Brajesh Jha

Section V
Emerging Sectors

Economics of Mushroom Cultivation 
— C.S. Vaidya

Evaluation of Post-Harvest Losses in
Apple and Tomato 
— Ranveer Singh, S.P. Saraswat
    and Pratap Singh

Indian Dairy in the Emerging Trade Order 
— Brajesh Jha

Production and Utilisation Pattern of Milk 
— U.M. Jha and Ranjan K. Sinha

Section VI
Sector Specific Issues

Rural Non-Farm Employment in India 
— Brajesh Jha

National Integrated Pest Management
Programme 
— Kazi M.B. Rahim and Debashis Sarkar

Establishment of an Agency Reporting
Agricultural Statistics in India 
— Kazi M.B. Rahim and Debashis Sarkar

Training and Testing Facilities for Farm Machinery 
— Karam Singh, Kamal Vatta and Sanjaya Kumar

Agriculture Input Subsidies in India Impact on
Small and Marginal Farmers 
— Kanchan Chopra and Preeti Kapuria

 
Volume II

Section I
Cost and Production in Crop Sector

Declining Status of Soybean in Madhya Pradesh 
— S.C. Jain and Sita Ram

Evaluation of Oilseed Production Programme in Karnataka:
State Sector and District Sector Schemes
— R.S. Deshpande and K.J. Parameswarappa

Economics of Pulses Production in Mokama–Barahiya
Tal Area of Bihar 
— Ugra Mohan Jha and Rosline Kusum Marandi

Production and Marketing of Tapioca in Tamil Nadu 
— A. Pushpavalli

Cost of Cultivation of Coconut: A Study in Assam 
— Bharati Gogoi

Economic Efficiency of Indian Sugar Industry 
— Samar K. Datta, Vijay Paul Sharma, Soumendra
    Nath Ghosh, Pritee Sharma and Madalsa Gandhi

Contract Farming in India: Text and Cases 
— Gurdev Singh and S.R. Asokan

Terrace Cultivation and its Impact in
North-East India 
— T.N. Saikia, D. Borah and R. Borah

Infrastructure and Agricultural Development
in Karnataka State 
— L. Venkatachalam

Foodgrains Production: Towards an Explanation
of Extremes in Karnataka 
— K.V. Raju

Cropping Pattern and Resource Use Efficiency for
Major Crops: A Case Study of Karnataka
— M.J. Bhende

Section II
Cost and Production in Crop Sector

Irrigation Systems in Himachal Pradesh:
An Economic Analysis 
— Ranveer Singh, S.P. Saraswat, Meenakshi
     and Khem Raj Sharma

Tail-enders and Other Deprived in Irrigation
System: Haryana 
— Prem S. Vashishtha

Role of Water Markets in Groundwater
Management in West Bengal 
—  R.C. Mondal and D. Majumdar

Role of Water Markets in Groundwater Management
in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa
—  K. Adiseshu

Role of Water Markets in Groundwater
Management in Rajasthan 
— H.M. Verma and S.R. Bhaiya

Role of Water Markets in Groundwater Management
in Bihar and Jharkhand 
— Ugra Mohan Jha and Ranjan Kumar Sinha

Impact of Shallow Tube Well Irrigation on
Crop Production in Assam 
— T.N. Saikia

Causes for the Shrinkage of Tank Irrigation Areas in
Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka
— C.L. Chenthil Kumar and C. Senthil Kumar

Diffusion of Water Economising Technologies and Practices 
— B.D. Dhawan

Usage of Chemical Fertilisers along with Organic/Bio-Fertilisers:
Implication and Promotion
— Nilabja Ghosh

A Study into the Economics of Seed Production
at Farm Level 
— Gurdev Singh, S.R. Asokan and S.N. Chokshi

Pattern of Utilisation of Bank Finance in Agricultural
Development in North-Eastern States
— P.C. Dutta and N.R. Goswami

Section III
Dry Land Farming and Watershed Development

Technological Change in Agriculture and its Impact
on Dry Farming in Tamil Nadu
— M. Lakshminarayan

Rapid Impact Evaluation of NWDPRA in
Maharashtra 
— A. Narayanamoorthy and K.G. Kshirsagar

Hirehalla Watershed Project in Shimoga:
A Concurrent Evaluation 
— K.V. Raju and J.H. Paramesha

Rapid Impact Evaluation of NWDPRA in Raichur
District, Karnataka 
— S. Erappa and Jayasheela

Output and Impact Monitoring Study of
Kawad Project 
— R.S. Deshpande, M.J. Bhende and S. Erappa

A Rapid Assessment of Impact of NWDPRA
in Gujarat 
— V.D. Shah

Rapid Impact Evaluation of NWDPRA in
Coimbatore District 
— R. Swaminathan

Quick Evaluation of the Impact of NWDPRA
in Uttar Pradesh 
— Rajendra Singh

Prospects for Coarse Cereals in Drought-prone
Regions 
— R.S. Deshpande and V.M. Rao

Section IV
Land and Agrarian Structure

Landholding and Use Pattern among Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra
— B.B. Mohanty

Changes in Structural Distribution of Land Holdings and its Impact
on Productivity of Major Crops in Punjab 
— Karam Singh, D.K. Grover, Kamal Vatta
    and Sanjay Kumar

Evaluation-Usar (Sodic Lands) Reclamation Programme
in Uttar Pradesh
— D.K. Singh

Section V
Agriculture and Institutions in Agriculture

Agricultural Financial Institutions in Maharashtra 
— Deepak Shah

Micro-Finance, Poverty Alleviation and
Empowerment of Women 
— D. Rajasekhar

Economic Reforms and Dynamics of Co-operative
Movement in India 
— U.M. Jha, A.K. Jha and Rajiv Kr. Sinha

Economic Reforms and Dynamics of Co-operative
Movement in Himachal Pradesh
— C.S. Vaidya, M.L. Sharma and N.K. Sharma

Performance of Co-operative Marketing Societies
in West Bengal 
— Debashis Sarkar and Fazlul Haque Khan

Crop Cutting Experiments Conducted
in Karnataka 
— R.S. Deshpande

An Analysis of Crop Insurance Scheme in Karnataka 
— M.J. Bhende

Rural Development Programmes in Karnataka
People’s Perception 
— I. Maruthi

Prospects of Value Addition of Forest Produce in Tribal Areas:
An Analysis across the States
— Ashwini Kant Jha

Section VI
Livestock

Trade Liberalisation and Indian Dairy Industry 
— Vijay Paul Sharma and Pritee Sharma

Livestock Economy of Haryana: Recent Trends
and Prospects 
— R.K. Sharma

Livestock Service Delivery and the Poor:
Case of Orissa 
— Vinod Ahuja and Arindam Sen

Evaluation Study of Feed and Fodder Development under
the Centrally Sponsored Schemes in Karnataka 
— M.J. Bhende, R.S. Deshpande and P. Thippaiah

Evaluation Study of Fish Farmers’ Development Agencies
(FFDAs) in Rajasthan
— H.M. Verma

Impact of Centrally-Sponsored Scheme on Strengthening
of Infrastructure for Inland Fish Marketing 
— Abdul Salam and Pushpavalli P.

An Economic Appraisal of Sheep Husbandry in
West Bengal 
— Debashis Sarkar, R.C. Mondal and Ashok Sinha

Indian Dairy in the Emerging Trade Order 
— Brajesh Jha

Section VII
Farmers’ Distress in Major States

Market Imperfections and Farmers’ Distress
in Maharashtra 
— B.B. Mohanty and Sangeeta Shroff

Market Imperfections and Farmers’ Distress
in Punjab 
— D.K. Grover, Sanjay Kumar and Kamal Vatta

Market Imperfections and Farmers’ Distress in
Andhra Pradesh 
— C. Ratnam

A Study on Causes and Remedies for Farmers’ Distress
in Karnataka 
— R.S. Deshpande

Potential Change in Cropping System Due to Liberalisation of
Economy in Himachal Pradesh 
— D.V. Singh

Section VIII
Emerging Sectors

Production and Marketing of Peach Fruit 
— S.P. Saraswat, M.L. Sharma and C.S. Vaidya

Problems of Post-Harvest Management
of Plum Fruit 
— S.P. Saraswat and M.L. Sharma

Production and Marketing of Mango in
Himachal Pradesh 
— C.S. Vaidya and Ranveer Singh

Fruits and Vegetable Mandis Located in Urban
and Semi-Urban Areas of Delhi
— D.S. Bhupal

Economics of Vegetable Crops Cultivation in Assam:
A Study in Nagaon and Jorhat Districts
— R. Borah and Runjun Savapandit

Marketing of Fruits and Vegetables in
and Around Chennai 
— A. Pushpavalli

Floriculture in Karnataka: Performance, Problems
and Prospects 
— P. Thippaiah

Development of Floriculture in Uttar Pradesh:
Problems and Prospects 
— D.K. Singh

Section IX
Allied Sectors

Processed Food Marketing in India: Selective
Case Studies 
— Prakash M. Shingi and D.S. Parmar

Food Quality Management in Agro-Enterprises 
— Satish Y. Deodhar and Vijay Intodia

Infrastructure for Agri-Business 
— V.N. Asopa

Poverty Alleviation Strategies of NGOs 
— D. Rajasekhar

Employment Programmes for Agricultural
Labourers in Karnataka 
— S. Erappa

An Evaluation Study of Prime Minister’s
Rojgar Yojana Karnataka 
— R.S. Deshpande, M.J. Bhende, P. Thippaiah
    and S. Manasi

Karnataka’s Agriculture: A Submisission
to Farmers’ Commission 
— R.S. Deshpande

Impact Assessment of Resettlement Implementation
under Nathpa-Jhakri Hydroelectric Power
— J.P. Bhati, Ranveer Singh and C.S. Vaidya

Evaluation of Bhagyajyothi/Kutirjyothi Scheme in Karnataka 
— M. Vivekananda

Index of Authors

Adiseshu, K. 
AERC, University of Chennai, Chennai

Ahuja, V 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM, Ahmedabad

Asokan, S.R. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM, Ahmedabad

Asopa, V.N 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM, Ahmedabad

Bhaiya, S.R. 
AERC, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar

Bhati, J.P. 
AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla

Bhende, M.J. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Bhupal, D.S. 

AERC, University of Delhi, New Delhi

Borah, D. 
AERC, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Borah, R. 
AERC, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Chaturvedi, Tamanna 
CMA, IIM, Ahmedabad

Chenthil Kumar, C.L. 
AERC, University of Chennai, Chennai

Choksi, S.N. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Chopra, K. 
AER Unit, Institute of Economic Growth,
New Delhi

Datta, S.K. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Dave, V.J. 
AERC, Vallabh Vidyanagar

Deodhar, S.Y. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture,
IIM, Ahmedabad

Deshapande, R.S. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Dhawan, B.D. 
AER Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

Dutta, P.C. 
AERC, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Dutta, R.A. 
AERC, Vallabh Vidyanagar

Erappa, S. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Gandhi, M. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture,
IIM, Ahmedabad

Gandhi, V.P. 
CMA, IIM, Ahmedabad

Ghosh, Nilabja 
AEC Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

Ghosh, S.N. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Gogoi, B. 
AERC, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Goswami, N.R. 
AERC, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Grover, D.K. 
AERC, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

Gupta, S.K. 
AERC, Jabalpur

Intodia, V. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Jain, S.C. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Jayasheela 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Jha, A.K. 
AERC, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur

Jha, Brajesh 
AER Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

Jha, U.M. 
AERC, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur

Kapuria, Preeti 
CMA, Ahmedabad

Khan, F.H. 
AERC, Visva-Bharati University, Shantiniketan

Kshirasagar, K.G. 
AERC, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune

Kumar, Praduman 
AERC, Dehli

Kumar, S. 
AERC, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

Lakshminarayan, M. 
AERC, University of Chennai, Chennai

Majumdar, D. 
AERC, Visva-Bharati University, Shantiniketan

Manasi, S. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore

Mondal, R.C. 
AERC, Visva-Bharati University, Shantiniketan

Marandi, R.K. 
AERC, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur

Maruthi, l. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Meenakshi 
AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla

Mohanty, B.B. 
AERC, Gokhale Institute of Politics and
Economics, Pune

Naik, Gopal 
CMA, IIM, Ahmedabad

Namboodiri, N.V. 
CMA, IIM, Ahmedabad

Narayanmoorthy, A. 
AERC, Gokhale Institute of Politics
and Economics, Pune

Paramesha, J.H. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Parameshwarappa, K.J. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Parmar, D.S. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture,
IIM, Ahmedabad

Patnaik, Saradendu 
CMA, IIM, Ahmedabad

Philip, L.M. 
AERC, Delhi

Pushpavalli, A. 
AERC, University of Chennai, Chennai

Pushpavalli, P. 
AERC, Chennai

Rahim, Kazi M.B. 
AERC, Shantiniketan

Rajashekar, D. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Raju, K.V. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Rao, V.M. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore

Ramesh Chand 
AER Unit, Institute of Economic Growth,
New Delhi

Ratnam, C. 
AERC, Andhra University, Waltair

Saikia, T.N. 
AERC, Assam Agricultural University,
Jorhat

Salam, Abdul 
AERC, University of Chennai, Chennai

Saleth, R.M. 
AER Unit, Institute of Economic Growth,
New Delhi

Sanjay, K. 
AERC, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

Saraswat, S.P 
AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla

Sarkar, D. 
AERC, Visva-Bharati University, Shantiniketan

Savapandit, R. 
AERC, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Sen, Arindham 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Senthil, K. 
AERC, University of Chennai, Chennai

Shah, Deepak 
AERC, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics,
Pune

Shah, V.D. 
AERC, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar

Sharma, Bharti 
CMA, Ahmedabad

Sharma, Khemraj 
AERC, Shimla

Sharma, M.L. 
AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla

Sharma, N.K. 
AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla

Sharma, P. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Sharma, R.K. 
AERC, University of Delhi, New Delhi

Sharma, V.P. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Shingi, P.M. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Shroff, S. 
AERC, Gokhale Institute of Politics and
Economics, Pune

Singh, D.K. 
AERC, University of Allahabad, Allahabad

Singh, D.V. 
AERC, Shimla

Singh, G. 
Centre for Management in Agriculture,
IIM, Ahmedabad

Singh, K. 
AERC, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana

Singh, Pratap 
AERC, Shimla

Singh, Rajendra 
AERC, University of Allahabad, Allahabad

Singh, Ranveer 
AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla

Sinha, A. 
AERC, Visva-Bharati University, Shantiniketan

Sinha, R.K. 
AERC, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University,
Bhagalpur

Sinha, Sapna 
AERC, Delhi

Sitaram 
Centre for Management in Agriculture, IIM,
Ahmedabad

Sriram, M.S. 
CMA, IIM, Ahmedabad

Swaminathan, R. 
AERC, University of Chennai, Chennai

Thippaih, P. 
ISEC, Bangalore

Tilala, Hiren 
CMA, IIM, Ahmedabad

Vaidya, C.S. 
AERC, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla

Vashishtha, P.S. 
AERC, University of Delhi, New Delhi

Vatta, K. 
AERC, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

Venkatachalam, L. 
ADRT Unit, Institute for Social and Economic
Change, Banglore

Verma, H.M. 
AERC, Sardar Patel University,
Vallabh Vidyanagar

Vivekananda, M. 
ADRT Unit Institute for Social and
Economic Change, Bangalore

Yadav, S.S. 
AER Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi

Ashok Gulati - Director in Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi, India.

John M. Dixon - Director Impacts Targeting and Assessment Unit, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico.

Achilles C. Costales, Livestock Economist, Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.

Sara Dalafi, Consultant, TWAS, the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World Trieste, Italy.

John M. Dixon, Director, Impacts Targeting and Assessment Unit, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico.

Benchaphun Ekasingh, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Economics/Multiple Cropping Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Walter P. Falcon, Farnsworth Professor of International Agricultural Policy (Emeritus) and Co-Director of the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Freeman-Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University.

Cheng Feng, Economist in the Trade and Markets Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Roberta V. Gerpacio, Project Development Specialist, Research and Development Department, Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.

Ashok Gulati, Director in Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi, India.

Dang Thanh Ha, Professor, Faculty of Economics, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Jonathan Hellin, Poverty and Value Chain Specialist, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT).

Jikun Huang, Professor and Director, Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Nguyen Tri Khiem, Professor and Dean, Faculty of Economics, An Giang University, An Giang, Vietnam.

Lawton Lanier Nalley, Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, The University of Arkansas, Arkansas, USA.

Sudha Narayanan, Doctoral Student, Department of Applied Economics and Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.

Kamal Raj Paudyal, Consultant, CIMMYT, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Scott Rozelle, Professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis.

Kecuk Suhariyanto, Head of Statistical Analysis Division, BPS-Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Tran Dinh Thao, Lecturer, Hanoi Agricultural University, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Kuson Thong-Ngam, Researcher, Multiple Cropping Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Mai Xuan Trieu, Vice-Director, National Maize Research Institute, Dan Phuong, Ha Tay, Vietnam.

Nikolas Wada, Ph.D. candidate (Epidemiology), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Vishwa Ballabh is currently Reserve Bank of India Chair Professor at the Institute of Rural Management, Anand (Gujarat, India). Professor Ballabh graduated in Agriculture from Pant Nagar and holds a Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. He has been a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Inter-national Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and was a Visiting Scholar at the Indiana University, USA and a Visiting Scientist at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. He has over twenty years of teaching and research experience. His major area of research interest has been institutions and natural resource management. He is a member of several national and international professional societies in agricultural, natural resource economics and development fields.

S.S. Acharya, former Chairman, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Government of India, and former Director, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur (IDSJ) is currently Honorary Professor at IDSJ. He has over 46 years of experience as teacher, researcher, extension worker, development administrator and policy advisor. He had been Professor of Agricultural Economics in Rajasthan Agricultural University and also held the ICAR Professional Chair of National Fellow. He has been and continues to be the Chairman/Member of several national and international Committees/Task Forces/Panels. Dr. Acharya has presided over annual conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics (1996), and Indian Society of Agricultural Marketing (1994), and is currently the President of Agricultural Economics Research Association of India. He is well known for his contributions in Agricultural Marketing, Agricultural Prices, Agricultural Development and Policy Analysis. He has to his credit 11 books and several research papers and articles in national and international journal of repute. He is the Chief Editor of Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing.

B.C. Barah is presently Principal Scientist (Economics) at the National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi. His research interest includes risk management in agriculture, sustainable agriculture particularly the sustainability of agriculture in fragile areas, technology and institutions for the risk prone areas and the patterns of growth and development. He has served various institutions including ICRISAT, Central University, Hyderabad, NABARD, Cornell and Duke Universities in USA, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines to name a few.

B.S. Baviskar was educated at Pilkhod, Chalisgaon, Satara, Pune and Delhi. He taught Sociology at the University of Delhi for over 30 years. Currently he is Senior Fellow at the Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. He has held visiting appointments at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex; Institute of Social Studies, the Hague; McGill University, Montreal; and the American University in Cairo. He was President of the Indian Sociological Society during 2000-2001. His major publications include: The Politics of Development: Sugar Co-operatives in Rural Maharashtra (1980); Who Shares? Co-operatives and Rural Development, co-edited with D.W. Attwood (1988); Finding the Middle Path: The Political Economy of Co-operation in Rural India, co-authored with D.W. Attwood (1995); and Social Structure and Change, 5 volumes, co-edited with A.M. Shah and E.A. Ramaswamy (1996-98); Series Editor, Themes in Indian Sociology, 7 volumes (2003-05).

G.S. Bhalla is at present Professor Emeritus, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is a former Member of the Planning Commission, and former Chairman, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Government of India. Professor Bhalla was a professor of economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and Dean, School of Social Sciences, Professor at Punjab University Chandigarh, and an Associate Professor at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. Prof. Bhalla is a member of several committees of the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Labour and of the Planning Commission. Prof. Bhalla has written, edited or co-authored a large number of books and articles. His recent books are Globalisation and Indian Agriculture (2005), Agriculture and the World Trade Organisation: Indian and French Perspectives (2002), Indian Agriculture—Four Decades of Development (2001), Suicides in Rural Punjab (1998), The Impact of GATT on Punjab Agriculture (1996), Economic Liberalisation and Indian Agriculture (1994), World Economy in Transition: An Indian Perspective (1994), Patterns in Indian Agricultural Development: A District Level Study (1989) and Green Revolution and the Small Peasant: A Study of Income Distribution among the Punjab Cultivators (1983).

Pratap S. Birthal is presently working as a Senior Scientist at the National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi. He has published profusely on issues related to animal husbandry, agricultural diversification and vertical coordination. He has twice been awarded with D.K. Desai Prize by the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics for his quality contribution to agricultural economics research. He is also a recipient of the Young Scientist Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Recently he has been awarded with National Fellowship by the ICAR to work on issues related to livestock and poverty. Dr. Birthal has a number of research articles and books to his credit.

Ramesh Chand is currently ICAR National Professor at National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Pusa, New Delhi. He has worked in senior academic positions as Professor and Head, Agricultural Economics Unit at Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, and Professor of Marketing at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. He was Visiting Professor at University of Wollongong, NSW Australia (2000) and Visiting Fellow at Institute of Developing Economies, Chiba Shi, Japan (2003). His Ph.D. thesis, submitted to Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, was selected for Jawaharlal Nehru Award of Indian Council of Agricultural Research in recognition of its outstanding Research contributions. Dr. Chand has worked as consultant for FAO, ESCAP, OECD, World Bank, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi and Government of Punjab. At present he is engaged in research on Trade Liberalisation, WTO and Asian Agriculture, Food Policy and Development Economics.
Dr. Chand is author of 7 books and 60 research papers published in reputed national and international journals.

R.S. Deshpande is currently Professor and Head of the Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation (ADRT) Unit of the Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. He has served on various policy bodies of Government of India and Government of Karnataka. He has to his credit 8 books and 50 research studies. He has published extensively on Agricultural Development, WTO and its impact on Agriculture, Droughts and Drought Mitigation, Farmers’ Movements, Irrigation and Watershed Development.

M. Indira is currently working as Reader in the Department of Economics at University of Mysore, Mysore. She has obtained a Doctorate from University of Mysore through Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. Her interest areas include Plantation Crops, Gender Studies, Micro-Finance and development of Indian Agriculture. She has published over 50 research articles in international and Indian journals, and completed over a dozen research projects.

Dayanatha Jha was Director of the National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi. After relinquishing office of the Director, he was awarded National Professorship of Indian Council of Agricultural Research. He has worked for more than a decade with the International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. His contributions are in the area of agricultural research and development policy. He presided over annual conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics in 2001.

R.L. Jogi is Research Associate at the Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. He has over 22 years of experience in development studies. His field of specialisation is rural and agricultural economics. He has published several papers in reputed journals.

P.K. Joshi is presently Director of the National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi. Prior to this he has served as South Asia Coordinator/Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC; Principal Scientist and Theme Leader (Technology Policy) at NCAP; and Senior Economist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh. He is a member of several government and non-government committees and working groups. He is also member of the executive committees and editorial boards of reputed professional societies. Dr. Joshi is a prolific writer and has a number of research articles both in the national and international journals, and books to his credit.

Suresh Pal is Principal Scientist at the National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi. His research interest is agricultural science and technology policy with special emphasis on investment, IPRs, seed industry and research investment allocations and impacts. He has published research papers in the journal of national and international repute. He has been consultatnt to several international organisations like centres of CGIAR, World Bank etc. He has co-edited the books Institutional Change in Indian Agriculture and Impact of Agricultural Research:Post-green Revolution Evidence from India.

Sushil Pandey is a Senior Agricultural Economist and Deputy Head of the Social Sciences Division at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. His professional areas of expertise include agricultural research and development, institutional aspects of natural resource management, and policy analysis. In addition to this broad area, his research has focused on micro-economic analysis of farmers’ livelihood systems in unfavourable rainfed rice environments, risk coping mechanisms, constraints to technology adoption, and the dynamics of land use changes. He has co-authored/edited five books and has published over 50 research papers and book chapters.

Rajeswari S. Raina is a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. Her research interest is in the area of science and innovation policy relevant to agricultural and rural development. Her recent publications analyse features of and lessons from successful innovation systems, contest the notion of political neutrality of science, emphasise the need to distinguish between institutional and organisational change in the agricultural sciences, and highlight the role of professional associations in fostering better practices and policies for effective utilisation of knowledge in developing countries. She is an agricultural science graduate with a Ph.D. in economics (Kerala University, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum).

K. Prathap Reddy is the former Director of IRMA. He specialised in the areas of Organisational Behaviour, Strategic Management, and Human Resource Development. Prof. Reddy has published a large number of papers in various Indian journals. Prof. Reddy worked for a fairly long period at the National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad. Prof. Reddy has done consulting work for FAO, ILO-COOPNET, World Bank, NDDB, and a large number of co-operatives and development organisations in India.

Sukhpal Singh is faculty member with the CMA, IIM, Ahmedabad. He teaches and trains in agribusiness management and has research interests in vertical co-ordination of agribusiness chains and their governance, contract farming and franchising, presently researching small farmer participation in global food and fibre chains including organic produce. He has to his credit three books and several research papers and articles. He has been a visiting fellow at the IDS, Sussex (UK), and the Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok (Thailand). He is a member of the working group, of the NDC on contract farming policy and, of the Planning Commission on agricultural marketing infrastructure policy for the 11th Five-year Plan.

G. Sridhar is pursuing his Fellowship in Rural Management at Institute of Rural Management, Anand. His area of interest is Rural Marketing. He has two years of experience in sales in Marico Industries Limited and two and half years of experience as Faculty in Marketing at Institute for Technology and Management, Warangal. He has published papers in national and international journals of repute. He was part of a consulting team to study Leadership sponsored by Wharton School of Business, USA.

Rasheed Sulaiman V. is Director, Centre for Research on Innovation and Science Policy, (CRISP) Hyderabad, and Director for the LINK South Asia Rural Innovation Policy Studies Hub. Previously he was Senior Scientist at the National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi. His work focuses on institutional change and poverty relevance with respect to agricultural research and extension. Since 1999, he has been working on the development and application of the innovation systems concepts to explain and plan interventions for agricultural research and rural development. His recent studies focus on understanding innovation capacity in various rural sub-sectors and the role of civil society organisations in promoting pro-poor rural innovation. He has a Ph.D. in Agricultural Extension from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI).

L. Velasco is an assistant scientist at the International Rice Research Institute. Her field of expertise is Statistics and data management. She has co-authored over a dozen reports on the economics of rice production systems covering aspects of technology adoption, risk analysis, and livelihood systems in rainfed areas

Prof. V.L. Chopra is currently a Member of the Planning Commission of Government of India, an apex body that prepares strategic national plans and allocates budget for both Central and State government projects. He is an eminent scientist, teacher, and science administrator, who has served the Government of India as in various capacities including Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research & Education (DARE) and Director-General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). He pioneered the application of biotechnology in Indian agriculture. He is a Fellow of various scientific academies, including the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), and the Third World Academy of Sciences. He has been awarded the prestigious ‘Padma Bhushan’ by the Government of India for his outstanding contributions to science and agriculture.

Dr. R. P. Sharma served as the Project Director of National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB) at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. His seminal contributions to Drosophila genetics have been internationally acclaimed. He initiated research work on transgenic crops in India, and has been actively involved in formulating biosafety guidelines for transgenic crops. He is a Fellow of several scientific academies, including INSA and NAAS.

Dr. S.R. Bhat is a Principal Scientist working at the NRCPB, New Delhi. A geneticist by training, Dr. Bhat is currently working on the improvement of rapeseed mustard using biotechnological approaches. The cytoplasmic male sterility systems of Brassica juncea developed by Dr. Bhat and his colleagues, under the leadership of Prof. V.L. Chopra, is now being used to develop hybrid mustard in India. He has published more than 50 research articles in international journals of repute.

Dr. B.M. Prasanna is an ICAR National Fellow at the Division of Genetics, IARI. He has been the Team Leader for India under the Asian Maize Biotechnology Network (AMBIONET), and is one of the leading practitioners of molecular marker-assisted plant breeding. He has received several awards, including Dr. B.P. Pal Medal of IARI, for his contributions to maize molecular breeding. He has published about 45 research articles in international journals of repute.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. 
Hon’ble President of India, is a renowned aeronautical engineer, and has contributed immensely to India’s space and defence research and technology development programmes. He is an inspiring statesman and a visionary par excellence.

M.S. Swaminathan. 
Chairman, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, and the present President, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS). He is a world-renowned agricultural scientist, and was instrumental in ushering the ‘Green Revolution’ in India.

H.K. Jain. 
An outstanding cytogeneticist, plant breeder and teacher, he was the former Director, IARI, and former Deputy Director-General, International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR), The Hague, Netherlands.

N.K. Dadlani. 
Managing Director, DAKSH Hortitec Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, is a reputed floriculturist.

Sujay Rakshit. 
Senior Scientist at the Directorate of Maize Research (DMR), New Delhi.

Vishnu Swarup. 
Director (R&D), Indo-American Hybrid Seeds, New Delhi, is an eminent floriculturist.

K.V. Bhat. 
Senior Scientist, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, is an expert on DNA fingerprinting of crop plants.

J.L. Karihaloo. 
Former Project Director, National Research Centre on DNA Fingerprinting at NBPGR, is an acclaimed geneticist and biotechnologist, and presently Coordinator, Asia-Pacific Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology (APCoAB), New Delhi.

Rakesh Tuli. 
Director, National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow, is an eminent molecular biologist and biotechnologist, and is reputed for his research on discovery of novel genes and promoters.

P.K. Gupta. 
Honorary Professor Emeritus, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, is an outstanding teacher and scientist in cytogenetics, plant breeding, molecular biology and biotechnology.

Jitendra P. Khurana. 
Professor of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus (UDSC), New Delhi, is an eminent plant molecular biologist.

Mukesh Jain. 
Research Associate in Dr. Khurana’s Lab.

S.P.S. Khanuja. 
Director, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, is an acclaimed geneticist, plant breeder, molecular biologist and biotechnologist.

R.K. Jain. 
Scientist F, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, is reputed for his research contributions in environmental biotechnology, microbiology and molecular biology.

P. Maruthi Mohan. 
Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, is reputed for his contributions in biochemistry and environmental biotechnology.

P. Kiranmayi. 
Researcher, Dr. Maruthi Mohan’s Laboratory.

A. Haritha. 
Researcher, Dr. Maruthi Mohan’s Laboratory.

K. Premsagarv. 
Researcher, Dr. Maruthi Mohan’s Laboratory.

Anand Tiwari. 
Researcher, Dr. Maruthi Mohan’s Laboratory.

G. Raghu. 
Researcher, Dr. Maruthi Mohan’s Laboratory.

P.S. Ahuja. 
Director, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, is acclaimed for his research on plant biotechnology, crop improvement and conservation biology.

Kevin Pixley. 
Maize breeder and Director, Tropical Ecosystems Program at International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico.

Mario Fuentes. 
Scientist at the Agricultural Science and Technology Institute (ICTA), Guatemala.

Lone Badstue. 
Social Anthropologist at CIMMYT, Mexico.

David Bergvinson. 
Maize Entomologist at CIMMYT, Mexico.

V. Arunachalam. 
Distinguished Fellow and Program Advisor (Biodiversity and Participatory Plant Breeding), M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai. He is an eminent quantitative and population geneticist and plant breeder.

P. Pushpangadan. 
Former Director, NBRI, Lucknow, is highly acclaimed for his contributions in conservation biology, ethnobiology and ethnopharmacology.

Anil K. Gupta.
K.L. Chair Professor of Entrepreneurship, Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad and Executive Vice-Chair, National Innovation Foundation, Ahmedabad, is an outstanding scientist in the areas of indigenous ecological knowledge-biodiversity, conservation, IPR, knowledge network, and innovation.

P.K. Joshi is currently the Director, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP). Prior to this he has been South Asia Coordinator/Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Principal Scientist and Theme Leader (Technology Policy) at NCAP, and Senior Economist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). He is member of editorial boards and executive committees of several professional societies, and has authored or co-authored seven books and published a number of research articles.

Ashok Gulati is currently Director in Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Between 2001 and 2006 he was Director, Markets, Trade and Institutions Division at IFPRI. Ashok Gulati has a distinguished record in policy analysis and advice. He has several books and research papers to his credit, and he has also served as a member of the Economic Advisory Council of the Prime Minister of India, member of State Planning Board of Karnataka, etc.

Ralph Cummings Jr. has served with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), The Rockefeller Foundation, and the Harvard Development Advisory Service as well as faculties of several U.S. universities. He has been U.S. Representative to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and U.S. Executive Director to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). He has authored, co-authored, or edited six books and numerous published articles.

Lalith Achoth 
Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Md. Saleh Ahmed 
Post Harvest and Marketing Specialist, Northwest Crop Diversification Project (NCDP), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md. Ferdous Alam 
Research Coordinator, ICLARM, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Shawki Barghouti 
Advisor, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.

Abdul Bayes 
Professor of Economics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Pratap S. Birthal 
National Fellow, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi, India.

Sumiter Broca 
Economist, Global Perspectives Studies Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

James C. Cato 
Senior Associate Dean and Director, School of Natural Resources and Environment; Director, Florida Sea Grant College Program and Professor, Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida, Florida, USA.

G.K. Chadha 
Member, Prime Minister’s Advisory Council, Government of India, New Delhi, India.

P.G. Chengappa 
Director of Instruction, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Ralph Cummings, Jr. 
formerly with the US Agency for International Development (USAID).

Vijayalakshmi Dega 
Associate Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Kinlay Dorjee 
Economist, Agricultural and Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

J. George 
Visiting Fellow, Research in Information System for the Non-Aligned and Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi, India.

Ejaz Ghani 
Senior Economist, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Ashok Gulati 
Director in Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi, India.

Brahmanand Hegde 
Chief Manager and Sector Head, Agriculture Business Group, ICICI Bank Limited, Mumbai, India.

P.K. Joshi 
Director, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi, India.

Samuel Kane 
Agriculture and Rural Development Department, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.

D. Kar 
Scientific Officer, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India.

Sarath S. Kodithuwakku 
Director, Agribusiness Centre, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Praduman Kumar 
Professor, Division of Agricultural Economics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.

Rajesh Mehta 
Senior Fellow, Research in Information System for the Non-Aligned and Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi, India.

Mruthyunjaya 
Director, National Agricultural Innovative Project, New Delhi, India.

Arpita Mukherjee 
Fellow, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), New Delhi, India.

Prabhu Pingali 
Director, Agricultural and Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Champak Pokharel 
Ex-Member, National Planning Commission, Kathmandu, Nepal.

R. Pradeep 
Ex-Manager, Agriculture Business Group, ICICI Bank Limited, Chennai, India.

Madeeha G. Qureshi 
Economist, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Sarfraz K. Qureshi 
Senior Policy Analyst, Centre for Poverty Reduction and Income Distribution, Planning and Development Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.

P. Parthasarathy Rao 
Senior Scientist, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India.

P.C. Ravi 
Professor and Head, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

B.M.R. Reddy 
Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Kristina Sorby 
Agriculture and Rural Development, Consultant, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.

M. Saqib 
Fellow, Research in Information System for the Non-Aligned and Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi, India.

Rohit Saran 
Deputy Editor, India Today, New Delhi, India.

S. Subasinge 
Director, INFOFISH, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Darshana Udayanganie 
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Jeevika Weerahewa 
Senior Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

A world scientist of rare distinction and a living legend Professor M.S. Swaminathan obtained his Ph.D. in Agriculture from University of Cambridge. He has had a distinguished research, teaching, and administrative career at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI); Director General of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR); Secretary Agriculture, Government of India; Director General, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Currently, he is Chairman, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai (Madras) and President, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.

Recipient of numerous national and international awards (including the first World Food Prize in 1987), forty-five honorary doctorate degrees from around the world, author of over three hundred research papers and several books, the Time Magazine ranked Professor Swaminathan among the twenty most influential Asians of the 20th century.

Introduction

Section I 
Sustainable Livelihood and Nutrition Security

1. Employment Opportunities in Farm and Non-farm Sectors through
    Technological Interventions with Emphasis on Primary Value Addition

2. Agriculture-Industry Interface: Value Added Farm Products

3. Dichotomy Between Grain Surplus and Widespread Endemic Hunger

4. Diversification of Agriculture for Human Nutrition

5. Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture for Nutritional Security

6. Hi-Tech Horticulture in India

7. Peri-Urban Vegetable Cultivation in the NCR Delhi

8. Empowerment of Women in Agriculture

9. Gender, Science and Agriculture: Ten Years after Beijing Conference

Section II 
Soil Health Enhancement and Fertiliser Use

10. Fertiliser Policy Issues (2000-2025)

11. Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilisers

12. Policy Options for Efficient Nitrogen Use

13. Organic Farming: Approaches and Possibilities in the
      Context of Indian Agriculture

Section III 
Water Resource Management

14. Emerging Issues in Water Management – The Question
      of Ownership

15. Agricultural Scientists’ Perceptions on National
      Water Policy

16. Impact of Inter River Basin Linkages on Fisheries

17. Harnessing and Management of Water Resources for
      Enhancing Agricultural Production in the Eastern Region

18. Disaster Management in Agriculture

Section IV 
Agro Biodiversity and Bio-Safety

19. Below Ground Biodiversity in relation to
     Cropping Systems

20. Transgenic Crops and Bio-safety Issues related to
      their Commercialisation in India

21. Biosafety of Transgenic Rice

22. Conservation and Management of Genetic
      Resources of Livestock

23. Seaweed Cultivation and Utilisation

24. Conservation, Management and Use of
     Agrobiodiversity

Section V 
Agricultural Research and Education

25. Agricultural Policy: Redesigning R&D to Achieve
      it’s Objectives

26. Prioritisation of Agricultural Research

27. Scientists’ Views on Good Governance of an Agricultural\
      Research Organisation

28. Priorities of Research and Human Resource Development in
     Fisheries Biotechnology

29. Strategies for Agricultural Research in the North-East

30. Redefining Agricultural Education and Extension System in
      Changed Scenario

31. Stakeholders’ Perceptions on Employment Oriented
      Agricultural Education

32. Reorienting Land Grant System of Agricultural Education in India

33. Guidelines for Improving the Quality of Indian Journals
      and Professional Societies in Agriculture and Allied Sciences

Section VI 
Globalisation and Agri-Exports

34. WTO and Indian Agriculture: Implications for Policy and R&D

35. Globalisation of Agriculture: R&D in India

36. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the
      World Trade Organisation—Advantage India

37. Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture

38. Sustainable Agricultural Export

39. Export Potential of Dairy Products

Dr. N.A. MUJUMDAR is the Editor of the Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics and former Principal Adviser, Reserve Bank of India. A Nuffield Fellow of Oxford University, Dr. Mujumdar has also worked for the IMF, FAO, ESCAP and the World Bank. He was member of various Working Groups appointed by the Reserve Bank of India and the Planning Commission. He has published several books and numerous research papers in technical journals.

Dr. UMA KAPILA is Senior Editor, Academic Foundation, New Delhi. She has authored/edited several books including three widely read text-books on Indian Economy. Dr. Uma Kapila is also the co-editor (along with Raj Kapila) of the monthly publication Economic Developments in India (book + CD-Rom) of which, close to 100 volumes have already been published over past eight years. She has taught Indian economy to undergraduate students for forty two years and recently retired as Reader, Department of Economics, Miranda House, University of Delhi.

Bhupat M. Desai Professor (Retd.), Centre for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

C.H. Hanumantha Rao Chairman, Centre for Economic & Social Studies, Hyderabad, and Institute of Economic Growth Delhi, Member, National Advisory Council (NAC), Government of India

V.M. Rao Visting Fellow, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore

S.S. Acharya Hony. Professor and formerly Director, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan

M.L. Dantwala (Late) Emeritus Professor, Department of Economics, University of Mumbai, Mumbai

Montek Singh Ahluwalia Dy. Chairman, Planning Commission, Government of India; Formerly Director (EvO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington; Ex-Finance Secretary, Government of India

Kaliappa Kalirajan Professor, Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development, Tokyo, Japan

Richard T. Shand Visiting Fellow, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

S.D. Sawant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Department of Economics, University of Mumbai, Mumbai

V.S. Vyas Professor Emeritus, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan

G.K. Chadha Member, Prime Minister Economic Advisory Council; formerly, Vice Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

P.P. Sahu Professor of Economics, Centre for Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Ramesh Chand Acting Director and Principal Scientist, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi

B.C. Roy Reader in Agricultural Economics, Vishawa Bharti University, Shanti Niketan, West Bengal

Suresh Pal Principal Scientist, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi

B.D. Dhawan Professor (Retd.), Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

A. Vaidyanathan Distinguished Economist and Ex-Member, Planning Commission, Government of India

Indira Hirway Director and Professor of Economics, Centre for Development Alternatives, Ahmedabad

T.C.A. Anant Professor, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi

Mruthyunjaya National Director, National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP), ICAR, New Delhi

P.K. Joshi South Asia Coordinator, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi

Raka Saxena Asst. Professor, College of Agricultural Business Management, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pant Nagar, Uttaranchal

S.K. Ray Professor (Retd.), Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

Kanchan Chopra Director and Professor, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

M.S. Swaminathan UNESCO Cousteau Chair in Ecotechnology at the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, and Chairman of the National Commission on Farmers, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India

P.S. George Professor and Formerly Director, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

R. Radhakrishna Director, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai

G.S. Bhalla Professor Emeritus, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Anil K. Gupta Professor, Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad

B. Bhattacharyya Formerly Dean, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi

Professor Chennamaneni Hanumantha Rao is currently Chairman, Board of Governors, Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi and Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad. He is also Member, National Advisory Council.

Born in 1929 in Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh, he did his graduation from Nizam College, Hyderabad. As an activist of the All Hyderabad Students Union, he participated actively in the freedom struggle. He did his M.A. in Economics from Osmania University, Hyderabad (1957) and his Ph.D from University of Delhi (1962). He was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Chicago during 1966-67. He was a Fellow at the Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi (1961-92) and also its Director (1976-80).

In addition to a distinguished academic career, Professor Rao has been at the forefront of several high-level policy making bodies under Government of India. He was a Member, Planning Commission (1982-86); Member, Seventh and Eighth Finance Commission; Member Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (1983-85); Chairman National Commission on Rural Labour (1990-91); Chairman, Technical Advisory Committee on DPAP & DDP, Ministry of Rural Development (1993-94); Member, Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (1995-97); Chairman, High Powered Fertilisers Prising Policy Review Committee (1997-98); and Member, Board of Directors, Reserve Bank of India (1994-200)

His publications include "Technological Change and Distribution of Gains in Indian Agriculture" (Macmillan, 1975); "agricultural Growth, Rural Poverty and Environmental Degradation in India" (OUP, 1994); "Andhra Pradesh Development: Economic Reforms and Challenges Ahead" (edited with S. Mahendra Dev, CESS, 2003) and over 100 research papers in academic journals.

Professor Rao has received many awards during his illustrious career. The awards/honours include Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Memorial prize (1974-75), Sri Kambhampati Satyanarayana (Senior) Memorial Award (1998), K.H. Batheja Award (1994), Financial Express Award (1995), Honorary Degrees of Doctor of Philosophy from Srikrishna Devaraya University, Ananthapur (1991) and the Kakatiya University, Warangal (1998), in Andhra Pradesh; and Sri Ravi Narayan Reddy Memorial Award (1994), and Telgu Atma Gaurava Puraskaram (2000). He has been awarded 'Padma Bhushan' by the President of India in 2004.

Introduction

I.Agricultural Growth

 
1.Agricultural Performance and Emerging Perspectives

2.Agricultural Policy under the Plans

3.Agricultural Growth and Stagnation in India

4.Problems of Agricultural Production in Kerala

5.Economic Consequences of New Rice Technology:
   General Comments

6.A New Look at Agriculture in the North-West: How to Overcome
   Limits to Growth

7.Fluctuations in Agricultural Growth: An Analysis of Unstable
   Increase in Productivity

8.Fluctuations in Foodgrains Output, 1950-51 – 1979-80:
     Implications for Policy

9.Unstable Agriculture: Lessons from Current Drought (1987-88)

10.Prospects for Crop Insurance in India: Some Issues
     for Consideration

11.The Single State Zonal System for Food grains:
     Increasing Disparities

12.On Indian Agrarian Scene

13.India’s ‘Surplus’ Cattle: Some Empirical Results

14.India’s ‘Surplus Cattle’: Reply

15.Agriculture in India and China: A Comparison

16.Reforming Agriculture in the New Context

17.Economic Reforms, Agriculture and Rural
     Development
 

II.Farm Size and Tenure

 
18.Farm Size and the Economies of Scale

19.Alternative Explanations of the Inverse Relationship
     between Farm Size and Output Per Acre in India

20.Uncertainty, Entrepreneurship and Sharecropping in India

21.Farm Size and Yield Per Acre: A Comment

22.Farm Size and Credit Policy

23.Differential Rates of Interest: A Comment

24.Small and Marginal Farmers in the Context
    of Economic Reforms
 

III.Rural Poverty Alleviation

 
25.Agricultural Growth and Rural Poverty:
     Some Lessons from Past Experience

26.Strategy for Removal of Poverty: Lopsidedness
     of Fifth Plan Approach

27.Planning for the Removal of Poverty: Some Issues
     Concerning Approach and Strategy

28.Amartya Sen and the Empowerment of the Poor

29.Role of NGOs in Rural Development

30.Decentralised Planning for Rural Development:
    An Overview of Experience and Prospects

31.Job Reservations for Backward Classes
 

Index

A Narayanamoorthy is currently working as Reader and Officer-in-Charge, Agro-Economic Research Centre, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed to be a University), Pune.Dr. Narayanamoorthy has been working in the area of irrigation including micro irrigation and watershed management over the last 15 years. He has published over 75 research articles in both international and Indian journals, and completed over a dozen research projects mainly in the area of irrigation. He has also acted as a consultant for a project on Impact of Irrigation in India: An Aggregate Level Analysis sponsored by the International Water Management Institute, Colombo. He has co-authored two books: An Appraisal of Watershed Development Programme Across Regions in India and State of the Indian Farmer : A Millennium Study (Vol.3 : Water Resources) sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India and published by Academic Foundation (2004).

R S Deshpande is currently Professor and Head of the Agricultural Develop-ment and Rural Transformation (ADRT) Unit of the Insti-tute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore. Beside 29 years of research and teaching experience, Professor Deshpande has served on various policy bodies of Government of India and Government of Karnataka, and has been consultant to several national and international organisations. Prof. Deshpande was one of the three coordinators for the Ministry of Agriculture sponsored 27-volume mega study State of the Indian Farmer: A Millennium Study published by Academic Foundation (2004). He co-authored two of the volumes under the Millennium Study, namely Vol. 9 : Crops and Cultivation and Vol. 23: NGOs and Farmers’ Movements. Having several other books to his credit, he has published extensively on agricultural development, WTO and its impact on agriculture, droughts and drought mitigation, farmers’ movements, irrigation and watershed development. His current academic interests include : farmers suicides in India, droughts and natural disasters, WTO and its impact on agriculture, and watershed development. Prof. Deshpande is currently a member of the Karnataka Agricultural Prices Commission and an Expert Group on WTO and Agriculture under the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.

Foreword
V M RAO

Preface
A NARAYANAMOORTHY AND R S DESHPANDE

1. Preamble to the Reforms

      Introduction

      Reform Process

      Landmarks in the Reform Process

     An Overview of the Reform Process

     The Canvass

2. Irrigation in India: Five Decades of Development

      Introduction

      Investment in MMI and MI at the National Level

      Source-wise Growth Trend in Irrigation

      State-wise and Source-wise Irrigation Development

      Region-wise spread of Irrigation

      Looking Forward

3. Irrigation Under Stress: Case of Maharashtra

      Introduction

      Irrigation Development in Maharashtra - A Backdrop

      River Basin-wise Use of Water Resources

      Investment in Irrigation and Returns

      Water Pricing Policy

      Conclusions

4. Economic Viability of Drip Irrigation:
    An Empirical Analysis from Maharashtra

      Introduction

      Empirical Context

      On Computing Viability

      Comparative Cost and Productivity

      Water-Use Efficiency

      Capital and Production Cost

      Benefit-Cost Analysis

      Conclusions

5. Drip Irrigation and its Future in India

      Introduction

      Economic Advantages of Drip Irrigation

      Benefit-Cost Pattern of Drip Irrigation

      Need for Drip Irrigation

      Potential and Prospects for Drip Irrigation

      Policy Initiatives needed

      Summary

 
6. Nexus of Irrigation and Rural Poverty: A State-wise Analysis

      Introduction

      A Focus on Poverty-related Studies

      Focus and Material

      Irrigation and Rural Poverty

      Incidence of Poverty and Characteristics of the States

      Irrigation and Poverty

      Concluding the Nexus

7. Irrigation, Agrarian Relations and Agricultural Labourers:
    A State-wise Analysis

      Introduction

      Irrigation Status of the States

      Growth of Agricultural Labour Households and Irrigation

      Real Wage Rate of Agricultural Labourers and Irrigation

      Indebtedness of Agricultural Labour Households and Irrigation

     Agricultural Labour and Irrigation: An Emerging View

8. Irrigation Development and Agricultural Wages:
    An Analysis Across States

      Introduction

      Existing Approaches

      Postulating the Issue

      Growth of Real Wage Rate

      Irrigation and Real Earnings Nexus

      Minimum Wages - Money wages and Irrigation Nexus

      Gender Wage Differentials and Irrigation

      Conclusions

9. Reinventing Participation in Irrigation Management

      Introduction

      Role of Institutions: A Theoretical Scaffolding

      Collective Action and Irrigation Management

      The Process of Formation

      PIM in Retrospect

      Evidence from the Field

      Sustenance and Economic Viability

      Conclusions

10. Impact of Electricity Tariff Policies on the Use of Electricity and 
     Groundwater: Arguments and Facts

      Introduction

      The Arguments

      Importance of Different Tariff Policies

      State-wise Comparative Analysis

      A View Across the States

      Alternative Options

      Conclusions

11. Electric Pumpset and Groundwater Management:
      Macro and Micro Evidence

       Introduction

      Groundwater Use - A National Level Picture

      State Level Analysis of Tamil Nadu

      Tariff System and Consumption of Electricity

      Tariff Policy and Groundwater Management- Reflection from the Field

      Pro Rata (PR), Flat-Rate (FR) and Free Electricity (FE0) - A Comparison

      Conclusion

12. Consolidating the Reform Agenda

       India's Irrigation Sector: Five Decades of Development

       Conspectus of Our Analysis

       Disputes Between States

       Future Process

References

Index

VIJAY SHANKAR VYAS Professor Emeritus, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur is currently a member of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister and also a member of the Central Board of Directors of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).

Prof. Vyas, Ph.D in Economics from Bombay University, taught in Bombay University, Sardar Patel University and Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. He was a visiting scholar at the Boston University, U.S.A.

Prof. Vyas served as Director, Agro-Economic Research Centre for Western India; Director Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Ahmedabad; and Director, Institute of Development Studies (IDS, Jaipur).

He has served as Chairman / Member of various Boards, Committees and Commissions at the International, National and State Levels. He served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, U.S.A), member of the Governing Board of the Institute of Development Studies of Sussex University (U.K), member of the National Commission on Integrated Water Planning, member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet, and Member Agricultural Prices Commission of the Government of India.

Prof. Vyas has written extensively on key issues of agricultural policies and rural development, and has been honoured by academic community in India and abroad.

SECTION - I
Environment and Poverty

Agrarian Structure, Environmental Concerns and Rural Poverty

SECTION - II
Contours of Indian Agriculture

Indian Agriculture: An Overview

Mainsprings of Agricultural Growth in India

Changing Contours of Indian Agriculture

Emerging Issues in Indian Agriculture

SECTION - III
Food Security and Poverty

Ensuring Food Security: Role of the State, Market and Civil Society

Food Security in South Asia: Issues and Options

Poverty Alleviation and Nutrition Enhancement: The Missing Links

India's Rural Development Strategies: Lessons in Agricultural
Growth and Poverty Alleviation

SECTION - IV
Economic Reforms in Agriculture

The New Economic Policy and the Vulnerable Section:
Rationale for Public Intervention

The Second Round of Reforms in Agriculture

Agricultural Trade Policy and Export Strategy

Globalisation: Hopes, Realities and Coping Strategy

SECTION - V
Future Scenario

        
Our Agrarian Future: A Medium Term Perspective on Asian Agriculture

He is an elected Honorary Life Member of the International
Association of Agricultural Economists and is also a Fellow of the
National Academy of Agricultural Sciences in India.

Vijay Shankar Vyas, Professor Emeritus, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur is member of the Central Board of Directors of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), and a former member of the Economic Advi-sory Council to the Prime Minister of India.

Prof. Vyas, Ph.D. in Economics from Bombay University, taught in Bombay University, Sardar Patel University and Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. He was a visiting scholar at the Boston University, U.S.A.

He has served as Chairman / Member of various Boards, Committees and Commissions at the International, National and State Levels. He served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, U.S.A), member of the Governing Board of the Institute of Development Studies of Sussex University (U.K), member of the National Commission on Integrated Water Plan-ning, member of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet, and Member Agricultural Prices Commission of the Government of India.

Prof. Vyas has written extensively on key issues of agricultural policies and rural development, and has been honoured by academic community in India and abroad.

He is an elected Honorary Life Member of the International Association of Agricultural Economists and is also a Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences in India.

The Asian Development Research Forum (ADRF) was initiated in 1997 with the support of Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) to facilitate the use of development and policy research as a tool for national development. Now, ADRF is managed by The Thailand Research Fund (TRF) and organized in the form of a regional network of researchers, research managers, policy-makers, and other stake-holders, with a focus on East, Southeast, and South Asia. ADRF has not directly supported, or engaged in, research: its strategy is rather to encourage policy syntheses and recommendations based on existing research works in five main issue-areas; (1) Demographic Changes and Demographic Dividend in Asia; (2) Regional Production Networks and Implications for (Domestic) Trade and Investment Policies and Regional Cooperation in Asia; (3) Energy Security on the Demand Side: Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Promotion Policies; (4) Food Security in Asia -- Meeting the Millennium Goals; and (5) Policy and Planning of Tourism Product Development in Asian Countries. 

It is anticipated that cooperation in working out policy syntheses and recommendations will not only strengthen Asian cohesion but also result in their actual implementation in the network member countries and thereby directly benefit them. This collaborative enterprise allows each network member country freedom in adopting and utilizing synthesis information, policy recommendations and other tools as it sees fit. The policy recommendations of the five main issue-areas is available at www.adrf.org

        
The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to help developing countries use science and technology to find practical, long-term solutions to the social, economic, and environmental problems they face. Support is directed towards developing an indigenous research capacity to sustain policies and technologies developing countries need to build healthier, more equitable, and more prosperous societies. IDRC's catalogue of publications is available at www.idrc.ca/booktique.

Vijay S. Vyas
Chairman & Professor Emeritus Institute of
Development Studies Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Vidya Sagar
Senior Fellow, Institute of Development Studies Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

     
H.S. Dillon
Executive Director of Center for Agricultural Policy Studies;
Commissioner of National Commission on Human Rights, Indonesia.

     
Marcellus Rantetana    
Executive Director of Partnership for Governance
Reform, Indonesia

Yongyout Kachondham
Senior Technical Advisor, Thai Health Promotion
Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand

Nantaporn Viravathana
Managing Director, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine
and Office of HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn's Projects, Thailand

     
Nhean Choch
Deputy Bureau Chief for International Cooperation, Cambodia

Sarthi Acharya
Director, Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Bal Gopal Baidya
Senior Research Associate, New ERA, Nepal

Message
Foreword
Preface
Acronyms
Conversion Table

1. Methodology of Crop Estimation

1.1 No. of Experiments Planned under GCES during 2004-05

2. National Income and Socio-Economic Indicators

2.1 Key Economic Indicators of India

2.2 Population and Agricultural Workers

2.3 Population, Growth Rate—2001

2.3(a) State-wise Classification of Workers—2001

2.3(b) State-wise Classification of Workers—2001

2.4(a) State-wise Poverty Line—2004-05

2.4(b) State-wise Population Below Poverty Line—2004-05

2.4(c) State-wise Population Below Poverty Line—2004-05

2.5 Some Important Indicators of Social Development at

      the All-India Level

2.6 Projected Growth in Population and Labour Force

2.7(a) Gross Domestic Product by Economic Activity

         (At Current Prices)

2.7(b) Gross Domestic Product by Economic Acitivity

         (At 1999-2000 Prices)

2.8 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Factor Cost from Agriculture
      (Excluding Forestry & Logging and Fishing)

2.9 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Factor Cost from Agriculture and
      Allied Sectors (Including Forestry & Logging and Fishing)

2.10 Gross State Domestic Product from Agriculture and Allied
        Sector At Constant (1999-2000 Prices)

2.11 Share of Agriculture and Allied in Gross State Domestic Product
       during 2005-06 and 2006-07 (At 1999-2000 Prices)

2.12 State-wise Gross State Domestic Product from Agriculture &
       Allied during 2005-06 and 2006-07 (At Current Prices)

2.13 Share of Agriculture & Allied in Gross State Domestic Product
       during 2005-06 and 2006-07 (At Current Prices)

2.14 Annual Growth Rate of GDP at Factor Cost in Agriculture
       during 2000-01 to 2007-08

2.15 Plan-wise Trend of Growth of Total GDP and Agriculture GDP
       (including Allied Sectors) (at 1993-94 Prices)

2.15.1 Quarterly Estimate of GDP at Factor Cost in 2006-07
          and 2007-08 (at 1999-2000 Prices) 

3. Outlays, Expenditure and Capital Formation in Agriculture 

3.1 Share of Public Sector Outlays and Expenditure under Agriculture
      and Allied Activities during Ninth Plan (1997-98 to 2001-02),

      Tenth Plan (2002-03 to 2006-07) and Annual Plan

       (2007-08) and Eleventh Plan (2007-12)

3.2 Public Sector Outlays and Expenditure during Ninth Five Year Plan
      (1997-98 to 2001-02), Tenth Plan (2002-03 to 2006-07) and Eleven
      Five Year Plan (2007-2012) under Various Heads of Development

3.3 Disaggregated Public Sector Outlays and Expenditure under

      Agriculture and Allied Programmes during Ninth Five Year

      during Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-98 to 2001-02), Tenth Plan

      (2002-03 to 2006-07) and Eleventh Plan (2007-12)

3.4 Budget Estimate, Revised Estimate and Actual Expenditure of
      Department of Agriculture & Cooperation from 1991-92 to 2007-08

3.5 Budget Estimate and Expenditure of Department of
      Agriculture and Cooperation

3.6(a) Gross Capital Formation in Agriculture & Allied
           Sector (At Current Prices)

3.6(b) Gross Capital Formation in Agriculture & Allied
           Sector (At 1999-2000 Prices)

3.6(c) Public and Private Investment in Agriculture and Allied
          Sectors in Total GDP at Market Prices (1999-2000 Prices)

3.7 Sectoral Growth Rates and ICOR under Different Sectors
      of the Economy

4. Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops

4.1(a) Targets and Achievements of Production of Major Crops
          during Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-98 to 2001-02)

4.1(b) Targets and Achievements of Production of Major Crops
           during Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-03 to 2006-07) and 2007-08

4.2 Three Largest Producing States of Important Crops during 2006-07

4.3 Normal (Average of 2002-03 to 2006-07) Area, Production and
      Yield of Major Crops in India

4.4 Season-wise Area, Production and Yield of Foodgrains from
     1966-1967 to 2007-08

4.5(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Foodgrains from
           1950-51 to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage

            under Irrigation

4.5(b) Area, Production and Yield of Foodgrains during 2005-06

         and 2006-07 in Respect of Major Foodgrains Producing

         States Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.6(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Rice from 1950-51 to
          2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.6(b) Area, Production and Yield of Rice during 2005-06 and 2006-07
          in Respect of Major Rice Producing States Alongwith Coverage
          under Irrigation

4.7(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Wheat from 1950-51
           to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.7(b) Area, Production and Yield of Wheat during 2005-06
           and 2006-07 in Respect of Major Wheat Producing States
           Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.8(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Coarse Cereals from
          1950-51 to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage

          under Irrigation

4.8(b) Area, Production and Yield of Coarse Cereals during 2005-06 and
           2006-07 in Respect of Major Coarse Cereals Producing

           States Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.9(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Jowar from 1950-51 to
           2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.9(b) Area, Production and Yield of Jowar during 2005-06 and

         2006-07 in Respect of Major Jowar Producing States

         Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.10(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Bajra from 1950-51 to
            2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.10(b) Area, Production and Yield of Bajra during 2005-06 and

           2006-07 in Respect of Major Bajra Producing States

           Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.11(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Maize from 1950-51 to
            2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.11(b) Area, Production and Yield of Maize during 2005-06 and

          2006-07 in Respect of Major Maize Producing States

          Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.12(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Total Pulses from

          1950-51 to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage

          under Irrigation

4.12(b) Area, Production and Yield of Total Pulses during 2005-06 and
             2006-07 in Respect of Major Pulses Producing States Alongwith
             Coverage under Irrigation

4.13(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Gram from 1950-51 to
            2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.13(b) Area, Production and Yield of Gram during 2005-06 and

           2006-07 in Respect of Major Gram Producing States

           Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.14(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Tur (Arhar) from

          1950-51 to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage

          under Irrigation

4.14(b) Area, Production and Yield of Tur (Arhar) during 2005-06 and

          2006-07 in Respect of Major Tur Producing States

          Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.15(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Lentil (Masur)
            from 1970-71 to 2006-07

4.15(b) Area, Production and Yield of Lentil (Masur) during 2005-06]

          and 2006-07 in Respect of Major Lentil Producing States

4.16(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Nine Oilseeds from

          1950-51 to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage

           under Irrigation

4.16(b) Area, Production and Yield of Nine Oilseeds during 2005-06 and
            2006-07 in Respect of Major Oilseeds Producing States

            Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.17(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Groundnut from 1950-51
            to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.17(b) Area, Production and Yield of Groundnut during 2005-06 and
             2006-07 in Respect of Major Groundnut Producing

             States Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.18(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Rapeseed & Mustard

            from 1950-51 to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage

            under Irrigation

4.18(b) Area, Production and Yield of Rapeseed & Mustard during

            2005-06 and 2006-07 in Respect of Major Rapeseed &

            Mustard Producing States Alongwith Coverage under

            Irrigation

4.19(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Soyabean from

           1970-71 to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage

            under Irrigation

4.19(b) Area, Production and Yield of Soyabean during 2005-06 and
            2006-07 in Respect of Major Soyabean Producing States
            Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.20(a) All-India area, Production and Yield of Sunflower from 1970-71
            to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.20(b) Area, Production and Yield of Sunflower during 2005-06 and
            2006-07 in Respect of Major Sunflower Producing

            States Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.21(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Cotton from 1950-51
            to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage under Irrigation

4.21(b) Area, Production and Yield of Cotton during 2005-06 and
            2006-07 in Respect of Major Cotton Producing States Alongwith
            Coverage under Irrigation

4.21(c) Staple-wise Estimates of Area and Production of Cotton from
            1997-98 to 1999-2000

4.22(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Jute and Mesta from
            1950-51 to 2007-08

4.22(b) Area, Production and Yield of Jute & Mesta during 2005-06 and
            2006-07 in Respect of Major Jute & Mesta Producing States

4.23(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane (Cane)
            from 1950-51 to 2007-08 Alongwith Percentage Coverage
            under Irrigation

4.23(b) Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane during 2005-06 and
            2006-07 in Respect of Major Sugarcane Producing States
            Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

4.24 Production of Oilseeds/Oils and Net Domestic Availability
       of Edible Oils during Years 1995-96 to 2006-2007

4.25 State-wise, Year-wise Quantity of Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
       Obtained under Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP)

4.26(a) State-wise Production of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches under
            Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP)

4.26(b) State-wise and Year-wise Area Target and Achievement under
             Oil Palm Development Programme OPDP/ISOPOM during

             8th Plan,9th Plan and Years 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05,

             2005-06, 2006-07 and 10th Plan.

4A. Area and Yield Under High Yielding Variety

4.1.1 Area under High Yielding Varieties of Rice in Major States

4.1.2 Area under High Yielding Varieties of Jowar in Major States

4.1.3 Area under High Yielding Varieties of Bajra Major States

4.1.4 Area under High Yielding Varieties of Maize in Major States

4.1.5 Area under High Yielding Varieties of Wheat in Major States

4.1.6 Yield of Local Variety of Rice in Major States

4.1.7 Yield of Local Variety of Jowar in Major States

4.1.8 Yield of Local Variety of Bajra in Major States

4.1.9 Yield of Local Variety of Maize in Major States

4.1.10 Yield of Local Variety of Wheat in Major States

4.1.11 Yield of High Yielding Variety of Rice in Major States

4.1.12 Yield of High Yielding Variety of Jowar in Major States

4.1.13 Yield of High Yielding Variety of Bajra in Major States

4.1.14 Yield of High Yielding Variety of Maize in Major States

4.1.15 Yield of High Yielding Variety of Wheat in Major States

5. Area, Production and Yield of Horticulture & Plantation Crops

5.1(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Potato from 1950-51

          to 2006-07

5.1(b) Area, Production and Yield of Potato during 2005-06 and

         2006-07 in Respect of Major Potato Producing States 

5.2(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Onion from 1978-79 to

         2006-07

5.2(b) Area, Production and Yield of Onion during 2005-06 and

         2006-07 in Respect of Major Onion Producing States

5.3(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Tobacco from
          1950-51 to 2006-07 Alongwith Percentage Coverage

           under Irrigation

5.3(b) Area, Production and Yield of Tobacco during 2005-06 and
           2006-07 in Respect of Major Tobacco Producing States
           Alongwith Coverage under Irrigation

5.4(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Coconut from
          1950-51 to 2006-07

5.4(b) Area, Production and Yield of Coconut during 2005-06
           and 2006-07 in Respect of Major Coconut Producing States

5.5(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Cashewnut from
          1990-91 to 2006-07

5.5(b) Area, Production and Yield of Cashewnut in India for the year
           2005-06 and 2006-07 

5.6 Area and Producation of Horticulture Crops during
      2005-06 to 2007-08

5.7 State-wise Area under Fruits & Vegetables during 1990-91,
      2004-05 and 2005-06 as per Land Use Statistics 

5.8(a) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Arecanut, Banana
           and Black Pepper from 1997-98 to 2006-07 

5.8(b) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Cardamom,
          Chillies and Coriander from 1997-98 to 2006-07 

5.8(c) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Garlic, Ginger
          and Guarseed from 1997-98 to 2006-07 

5.8(d) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Sunhemp,
          Sweet Potato and Tapioca from 1997-98 to 2006-07 

5.8(e) All-India Area, Production and Yield of Turmeric
          from 1997-98 to 2006-07

6. Index Numbers and Growth Rates

6.1 Index Numbers of Area, Production and Yield of Foodgrain and
      Non-Foodgrain Crops in India from 1949-50 to 2007-08
     (Base: Triennium Ending 1981-82 = 100)

6.2 Compound Growth-Rates of Area, Production and Yield
      of Principal Crops since 1949-50 (Base: T.E.1981-82 = 100)

6.3 Compound Growth Rates of Area, Production and Yield of Principal
      Crops during 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2007
      (Base: T.E.1981-82 = 100)

6.4 Index Numbers of Area, Production and Yield of Foodgrain
      and Non-Foodgrain Crops in India from 1993-94 to 2007-08
     (Base: Triennium Ending 1993-94 = 100)

6.5 Growth Rates of Area of Principal Crops in India =
      from 1994-95 to 2007-08 (Base: T.E.1993-94 = 100) 

6.6 Growth Rates of Production of Principal Crops in
      India from 1994-95 to 2007-08
     (Base: T.E.1993-94 = 100) 

6.7 Growth Rates of Yield of Principal Crops in India
      from 1994-95 to 2007-08 (Base: T.E.1993-94 = 100) 

6.8 Index of Terms of Trade between Agricultural
     and Non-Agricultural Sectors from 1982-83 to 2006-07 

7. Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in
    Different Countries

7.1 Share of Various Countries in World Production
     of Major Agricultural Commodities during 2006 

7.2 Area, Production and Yield of Principal
      Crops in Various Countries in 2006

7.3 India’s Position in World Agriculture in 2006

7.4 Selected Indicators of Agriculture Development
      in India, Asia-Pacific Region and the World 

8. Minimum Support Prices/Marketed Surplus Ratios

8.1 Minimum Support Prices of Various Agricultural
     Commodities (According to Crop Year)

8.2 Central Issue Prices of Rice, Wheat and Coarse Grains

8.3 Cost Estimates of Principal Crops

8.4 Marketed Surplus Ratio (MSR) of Important Agricultural
      Commodities in Various States (Based on Comprehensive Scheme
      for Studying Cost of Cultivation of Principal Crops in India)

9. Procurement by Public Agencies

9.1 State-wise Procurement of Rice and Wheat in Major Rice and
      Wheat Producing States from 1996-97 to 2008-09
      (According to Marketing Year)

9.2 State-wise Purchases of Cotton from 1998-99 to
      2007-08 (October to September)

9.3 State-wise Purchases of Raw Jute from 1998-99 to 2007-08

9.4 Procurement of Oilseeds, Pulses and Cotton by NAFED
      under Price Support Scheme (PSS) 

9.5 Procurement of Onion by NAFED under Market Intervention Scheme

10. Per Capita Net Availability

10.1 Net Availability of Foodgrains (Per Day)
        in India from 1951 to 2007

10.2 Net Availability of Foodgrains (Per Annum)
        in India from 1951 to 2007

10.3 Per Capita Availability of Certain Important
       Articles of Consumption

10.4(a) Share of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure on
            Cereals and Non-Cereals in Total Food Items 

10.4(b) Monthly Per Capita Expenditure

11. Consumption and Stocks

11.1(a) Stock of Cereals Held by Central and
            State Agencies (as on 1st January)

11.1(b) Buffer Norms

11.2 Consumption and Stocks of Raw Jute From
       1982-83 to 2007-08

12. Agricultural Subsidies

12.1(a) Agriculture Subsidies in India during
            1993-94 to 2006-07

12.1(b) Fertiliser Subsidies in India during
            1993-94 to 2005-06

12.2 Share of Agricultural Subsidies (PSE) in
        Selected OECD Countries

13. Consumption and Stocks

13.1 India’s Imports and Exports of Agricultural Commodities
        vis-à-vis Total National Imports/Exports during
        1990-91 to 2007-08 

13.2 India’s Imports of Agricultural Products during 2001-02 to 2007-08

13.3 India’s Exports of Agricultural Products during 2001-02 to 2007-08 

13.4 Tariffs and Bound Rates on Major Agricultural
        Commodities/Groups

13.5 Trend in Wholesale Price Index of Foodgrains from
        1997-98 to 2007-08

13.6 Trend in Wholesale Price Index of Commercial Crops from
        1997-98 to 2007-08

 
14. Land Use Statistics

14.1 Distribution of Agricultural Land by Use in India for 1950-51,
       1960-61, 1970-71, 1980-81 and 1990-91 to 2005-06 

14.2 Selected Categories of Land Use from 1950-51 to 2005-06

14.3 Percentage Distribution of Gross Cropped Area across
       Different Crops during 2004-05 and 2005-06 

14.4 State-wise Per cent Coverage of Irrigated Area under Principal
       Crops during 2005-06 (Provisional)

14.5 State-wise Distribution of Agricultural Land by Type of Use
       from 2003-04 to 2005-06 (Provisional)
 

15. Inputs

15.1(a) Performance of South West Monsoon during
            1989 to 2007 (1 June-30 September)

15.1(b) All India Rainfall Distribution from 1992-93 to
            2007-08 (In Millimeters)

15.2 Status of Important Reservoirs as on 31.03.2008
        (Capacity in Billion Cubic Meter)

15.3 Production and Use of Agricultural Inputs in India from
        1991-92 to 2007-08

15.4 All-India Consumption of Fertilisers in Terms of Nutrients
     (N, P & K) from 1951-52 to 2006-07 (’000 Tonnes)

15.5 Consumption, Production and Import of Fertilisers from
       1981-82 to 2006-07 (Lakh Tonnes)

15.6(a) State-wise Consumption of Fertilisers in 2004-05 and
            2005-06, 2006-07 (Tonnes)

15.6(b) State-wise Estimated Consumption of Fertiliser per
            Hectare during, 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2006-07 (Kgs./Hectare)

15.7 Fertiliser Consumption per Hectare of Agricultural Land in
       Selected Countries in 2003-04 and 2004-05 (Kg./Hectare)

15.8 Mineral Fertilisers Consumption in Countries of
       Asia-Pacific Region (’000 Tonnes of plant nutrient)

15.9 Economics of Application of Fertilisers on Paddy and
        Wheat in India from 1995-96 to 2006-07 (Quantity in kgs.)

15.10 Crop-wise Distribution of Certified/Quality
         Seeds from 1991-92 to 2006-2007 (Lakh Quintals)

15.11(a) Consumption of Electricity for Agricultural
              Purposes from 1982-83 to 2006-07

15.11(b) State-wise Consumption of Electricity for
              Agriculture Purpose in 2006-07

15.12 Flow of Institutional Credit to Agriculture Sector
         from 1998-99 to 2007-08 (Rs. Crore)

15.13 State-wise Number of Kisan Credit Cards Issued upto

         31 March 2007

15.14 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme: Trend in
         Area, Sum Insured, Premium and Claims
 

16. Agricultural Census

16.1 Distribution of Operational Holdings—All India

16.2(a) State-wise Number of Operational
            Holdings by Major Size-Groups, 2000-01

16.2(b) State-wise Area Operated by Major
            Size-Groups, 2000-01

16.3 State-wise Average Size of Operational Holdings
        by | Major Size Groups, 2000-01

16.4 Distribution of Number of Holdings and Net Area Sown
       According to Size Class of Holdings and Irrigation Status for 
       All Size Groups, 2000-01

16.5 Distribution of Irrigated Area According to Source of Irrigation
        by Major Size-Classes of Operational Holdings for Major

        Size Groups, 2000-01

16.6 Distribution of Irrigated and Unirrigated Area under Major
       Crops in India According to Size-Class of Operational
        Holdings, 2000-01

16.7 Usage of Chemical Fertilisers, Farm Yard Manure and Pesticides
        for all Crops in India by Major Size-Class of Holdings and
        by Irrigation Status in 2000-01

16.8 All India Estimates of Institutional Credit Taken for Agriculural
        Purposes from Various Sources by Major Size-Class of Holdings
        in 2000-01 (Number in ’000) (Amount in Rs. Lakh)

16.9 All India Estimates of Institutional Credit Availed for Agriculture
       by Terms/Components of Credit by Major Size-Class of Holdings
       in 2000-01 (Rs. Lakh)
 

17. Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers

17.1 State-wise Estimated Number of Rural Households,
       Total and Indebted Farmer Households in India

17.2 Indebtedness of Farmer Households (All-India) in
        Different Size Classes of Land Possessed

17.3 Incidence of Indebtedness in Major States

17.4 Incidence of Indebtedness based on Size of Land Possessed
 

18. Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers

18.1 Ceilings on Land Holdings (in Acres)

18.2 Daily Rates of Minimum Wages for Agricultural Workers Fixed
        by Different State/UT Administrations under the Minimum Wages
        Act, 1948
 

19. Livestock

19.1 Livestock Population in India (Million Numbers)

19.2 All India Production of Milk, Eggs and Wool from
       1985-86 to 2006-07

19.3 State-wise Production of Milk, Eggs and Wool from
        2004-05 to 2006-07
 

20. Fish Production

20.1 Fish Production in India in 1950-51, 1960-61, 1970-71
        and 1980-81 to 2006-07 (Lakh Tonnes)

20.2 State-wise Fish Production in 2006-07 (Provisional)
       (in ’000 Tonnes)
 

21. Management of Natural Disasters

21.1 Annual Climate Scenario during 2007

21.2 Brief History of Most Intense Cyclones from
        1970 to 2007
 

22. Conversion Factors Between Important Primary and
      Secondary Agricultural Commodities
 

Appendix

I Explanatory Notes

II Methodology of Index Numbers of Area,
    Production and Yield

III Glossary of English, Botanical and Hindi Names
      of Important Crops

IV(i) All-India Estimates of Yield of Major Crops during
         1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(ii) State-wise Yield of Kharif Foodgrins during
          1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(iii) State-wise Yield of Rabi Foodgrins during
           1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(iv) State-wise Yield of Total Foodgrins during
          1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(v) State-wise Yield of Rice during 1999-2000
          to 2007-08

IV(vi) State-wise Yield of Wheat during 1999-2000
           to 2007-08

IV(vii) State-wise Yield of Bajra during 1999-2000
            to 2007-08

IV(viii) State-wise Yield of Maize during
            1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(ix) State-wise Yield of Total Pulses during
          1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(x) State-wise Yield of Gram during
          1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xi) State-wise Yield of Tur during
           1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xii) State-wise Yield of Total Oilseeds during
            1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xiii) State-wise Yield of Kharif Oilseeds during
            1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xiv) State-wise Yield of Rabi Oilseeds during
            1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xv) State-wise Yield of Groundnut during
           1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xvi) State wise Yield of Rapseed & Mustard during
            1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xvii) State-wise Yield of Linseed during
             1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xviii) State-wise Yield of Safflower during
              1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xix) State-wise Yield of Sunflower during
             1999-2000 to 2007-08

IV(xx) State-wise Yield of Soyabean during
           1999-2000 to 2007-08

V Crop Calender of Major Crops: State-wise and All India

VI General Seed Rate of Sowing for Important Field Crops

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

List of Tables, Figures and Boxes
Foreword
Abbreviations and Acronyms

1. Introduction

2. Understanding the Setting and Context

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Physical Features and Geography

2.3. Some Demographic, Social and
       Economic Indicators

3. Where are Agricultural Markets Headed?

3.1. Changes in Food Demand

3.2. Modern Food Retail

3.3. Agricultural Export Markets

4. The Current State of High-value
    Agriculture

4.1. Overview Agriculture

4.2. Opportunities for High-value Crop
       Development

4.3. Challenges for High-value Crop Development

5. High-value Crop Marketing

5.1. Introduction

5.2. The APMC Act

5.3. Results from a Wholesale Market Survey

5.3.1. Data and Methodology

5.3.2. Descriptive Statistics

5.3.3. Problems with the Broker System

5.3.3.1. Ineffective Regulations

5.3.3.2. The Confusing Role of
             Wholesalers versus Brokers

5.3.3.3. Incomplete Information Transmission

5.3.3.4. Limited Service Delivery

5.3.3.5. Lack of Competition with
            the Broker System

5.3.4. Reasons for Resilience of
         the Broker System

5.3.4.1. Low Transaction Costs

5.3.4.2. Access to Insurance and Credit

5.3.4.3. Access to Input Advances

5.3.5. Broker Economics

5.3.6. Conclusions and Implications

6. High-value Crop Chain Analysis

6.1. Introduction

6.2. An Overview of High-value Chains

6.2.1. Horticulture

6.2.2. Organic Crops

6.2.3. Medicinal, Aromatic and
         Culinary Herbs

6.2.4. Seeds

6.2.5. Floriculture

6.3. Simulations on the Pay-offs
       for Interventions

7. The Way Forward

References

Annex: Insights in High-value Commodity
            Chains

Annex I—Fruits: The Case of Apples

I.1. Methodology

I.2. Production

I.2.1. The Indian Situation

I.2.2. The Situation in Uttarakhand

I.3. Marketing Channels

I.4. Wholesale, Retail and Demand

I.5. Conclusions

Annex II—Vegetables: The Case of Potatoes

II.1. Methodology

II.2. Production

II.2.1. The Indian Situation

II.2.2. The Situation in Uttarakhand

II.3. Marketing Channels

II.4. Wholesale, Retail and Demand

II.5. Conclusions

Annex III—Off-season Vegetables: The
                  Case of Tomatoes

III.1. Methodology

III.2. Production

III.2.1. The Indian Situation

III.2.2. The Situation in Uttarakhand

III.3. Marketing Channels

III.4. Wholesale, Retail and Demand

III.5. Conclusions

Annex IV—Organic Farming

IV.1. Introduction

IV.2. Global Trends in the Organic Food
         Sector

IV.3. The Uttarakhand Context

IV.4. Case Studies

IV.4.1. Sunstar Overseas Ltd.

IV.4.2. UOCB

IV.4.3. INHERE

IV.5. Common Threads and Lessons
         from the Case Studies

IV.6. Conclusions

Annex V—Medicinal, Aromatic and
                Culinary Herbs

V.1. Introduction

V.2. Global and National Demand in Herbal
        Industry

V.3. Institutional Channels of Production
       and Marketing

V.4. The Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
       Supply Chain

V.5. Sustainability of Medicinal Plants Promotion:
       Cultivation versus Collection

V.6. Paving the Path for Sustainable
       Herbs Cultivation

V.7. Case Studies

V.7.1. The Case of Sanjeevani
          Ayurvedshala

V.7.2. Flex Foods Ltd.

V.8. Conclusions

“Our farmers will produce more if we can consume more. Opportunities for assured and remunerative marketing will determine the interest taken by small farmers in enhancing productivity. Our agriculture was formerly referred to as ‘a gamble in the monsoon.’ It is now becoming increasingly ‘a gamble in the market.’ Therefore, both monsoon and market management are essential for ensuring the economic well being and livelihood security of farming families.
“The study is a timely one and what the Indian farmer needs today is walking the talk.”

M.S. Swaminathan
UNESCO Cousteau Chair in Ecotechnology and Chairman,
MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai.

“In last few decades Indian agriculture has gone through structural and organizational changes, which have impacted the lives of millions of our people in profound ways. It is important to understand the factors affecting such changes and what they portent for the future. The authors in this series of Millennium Studies have given us a comprehensive picture of Indian agriculture, its past and its possible future. The sponsor of these studies and their publishers deserve grateful thanks not only from the scholars and policy makers but also from a large number of people who are participating in or affected by the developments in this vital sector of our economy.”

Vijay S. Vyas
Professor Emeritus,
Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur

"These volumes, the product of work by a large number of recognized scholars and experts, should be valuable as a source of information and discussion on contemporary issues relating to different aspects of agricultural development and policy."

A. Vaidyanathan
Professor Emeritus,
Madras Institute of Development Studies, Chennai.

The challenge before Indian agriculture is to become increasingly diversified, shift to high-value crops, and allied activities like livestock and fisheries. The millennium Study would provide the roadmap towards this end and be an important reference point.

Radha Singh
Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

"This unique collection of twenty seven volumes provides deep insights into the major issues confronting the Indian farmer, especially the small farmer. The collection is particularly timely given the retrogression being experienced by the Indian agriculture. The experts discuss how to reverse the disquieting trends and achieve inclusive and sustainable development. They also dwell on incentives, institutions, infrastructure and innovations in the context of globalization and diversification. All the volumes stand as an invaluable source of knowledge for all those interested in understanding the past, present and future of the Indian agriculture."

R. Radhakrishna
Director, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai.

The Millennium Study : 27 volumes at a Glance...

1.An Overview

   Yoginder K. Alagh

2.Land Resources

   G.K. Chadha

   Sucharita Sen

   H.R. Sharma

3.Water Resources

   K.V. Raju

   A. Narayanamoorthy

   Govind Gopakumar

   H.K. Amarnath

4.Rural Infrastructure

   Sukhadeo Thorat

   Smita Sirohi

5.Technology Generation and IPR Issues

   Ghayur Alam

6.Agricultural Extension

   Prakash M. Shingi

   Vijay R. Gaikwad

   Rasheed Sulaiman

   J.Vasanthakumar

7.Agricultural Credit in India

   Surjit Singh

   Vidya Sagar

8.Input Management

   Pingali Venugopal