Paperback
•
2016
Pages: 508
ISBN: 9789332703766
Special Price: INR 425
INR 745
HERE’s the new, 17th Edition of the widely accepted textbook on Indian Economy for undergraduate students (BA and BCom Hons.) incorporating the latest recommended readings. The book provides a comprehensive coverage of Indian economy under five sections:
I. Basic issues in economic development: institutional framework
and policy regimes;
II. Growth and distributional issues: poverty, inequality
and employment;
III. Current perspectives in Indian agriculture: growth, productivity,
constraints and pricing;
IV. Industry and services sector;
V. Financial sector and the external sector.
The author Dr. Uma Kapila has specially designed this book based on the latest original readings recommended for the undergraduate courses, some of these being available in her edited books: Indian Economy Since Independence, 27th Edition (2016-17), Indian Econo-mic Development Since 1947 (2016-17 Edition) and Indian Economy: Economic Development and Policy (2016 Edition).
In the present volume, author has made an effort to keep the language simple without compromising the effectiveness of the argument or diluting the analyses. The book also carries a comprehensive Glossary.
Apart from undergraduate students, the book is widely used by students preparing for the IAS and other competitive examinations.
Dr. Uma Kapila, author/editor of several books on Indian economy, retired as Reader, Department of Economics, Miranda House, University of Delhi. She has taught Indian economy to undergraduate students for more than 42 years. Currently, she is Senior Editor, Academic Foundation.
Peface
SECTION - I
Economic Development in Post-Independent India
BASIC ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1. Economic Development and Under Development
– Introduction
– What Does Development Mean
– Economic Growth and Economic Development
– The New View of Economic Development
• Development as a Multi-dimensional Process
• Three Core Values of Development
– Development, Freedom and Opportunities
– The Three Objectives of Development
– The Millennium Development Goals
– Developed and Underdeveloped Countries
– Defining the Developing World
– Characteristics of the Developing World:
Diversity within Commonality
• Lower Levels of Living and Productivity
• Lower Levels of Human Capital
• High Rate of Population Growth and Dependency Burden
• Higher Levels of Inequality and Absolute Poverty
• Greater Social Fractionalisation
• Larger Rural Populations but Rapid
Rural-to-Urban Migration
• Substantial Dependence on Agricultural Production
and Lower Levels of Industrialisation
and Manufactured Exports
• Underdeveloped Financial and Other Markets
• Lingering Colonial Impacts
• External Dependence
– Nature of Indian Economy
2. Human Development
– Human Development
• Human Development Index
– Are there Limits to Human Development?
• Sustainability, Equity and Human Development
– What Makes Development Unsustainable?
– The Current State of Human Development
– Human Development: International Comparison
– State of Human Development in India
3. India’s Economy at Independence
– Introduction
– The Relative Importance of Various Industrial Activities
• Composition of National Income
• The Working Force
– The Agrarian Scene
• Stagnating Agriculture
– Causes
Regressive Agrarian Structure
Internal Drain of Capital
Poor Technology
– India’s Industrial Production and its Structure
• India’s Industrial Resources
• The Decline of Traditional Industry
and the Development of Modern Industry
– Some Positive Features
GROWTH, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
AND POLICY REGIME
4. Economic Planning: Evolution and Strategy
– Evolution of Planning
– Role of the State as Visualised in the Fifties
– Early Experience with Five Year Plans
– Changing Perceptions
– Role of Planning in a Market Economy
– Redefining the Role of State
– Relevance of Planning Commission
– NITI Aayog: Role and Functions
5. Economic Reforms and Liberalisation
– Debate on Liberalisation
– The Background
– The Macroeconomic Crisis
– Rationale for the Reforms
– Macroeconomic Reforms
• Structural Reforms
– Industrial Policy Reforms
– Trade Policy Reforms
Tariffs
Removal of Quantitative Restrictions
Indian Customs Single Window Project: 2014-15
Exchange Rate Reforms
– Financial Sector Reforms
Capital Markets
• Fiscal Adjustment and Stabilisation
– Economic Progress Post-1991
– Impact of Economic Reforms on the Vulnerable Sections
– Conclusion
• The Next Round of Reforms
6. Demographic Constraint: Population Change
and Economic Development
– Economic Development and Population Growth
• The Theory of Demographic Transition
• The Microeconomic Theory of Fertility
– How does Population Growth Affect Economic Development?
– India’s Demographic Transition
• Causes of High Birth Rate
– Social Factors
– Economic Factors
Poverty
Lack of Social Security
Illiteracy, Ignorance and Belief in Fate
Ineffective Family Planning
• Fertility Rate
• Causes of Decline in Death Rate
– Control of Epidemics
– Control of Famines
– Improved Medical Facilities
– Spread of Maternity Homes
– Impact of Economic Development
– Measures to Reduce Birth Rate
– Concerns about Population Growth
– Gender Equity and the Demographic Transition
– Population Policy since 1947
– National Population Policy, 2000
• Objectives
– Human Resource Development
– The Experience of Kerala and Tamil Nadu
• Enabling Factors
– India's Demographic Dividend
• 'Window of Opportunity' for India
• Estimated Demographic Bonus for India
• India's Response to 'Window of Opportunity'
– Demographic Dividend and Related Policy Interventions
– The Future
7. Land Reforms
– Objectives of Land Reforms
– Effects of Land Reforms on Productivity and Poverty
8. Growth and Structural Changes since 1951
– Periodisation of Indian Growth Experience
– India's Growth Turnaround
• 2003-2008: The Best Phase in Growth
• Recent Deceleration since 2011
• Recent Growth Record
– Aggregate Demand
– Growth in Gross Value Added
– Factor Incomes
– Per capita Income
– The Saving-Investment Balance
– Priorities for Reviving Growth
– Reform Agenda
– Risk Factors and Constraints
– Performance on Inclusiveness
• Multidimensionality of Inclusion
– The Need for Faster Growth
– International Comparisons
– Growth and Structural Change
– Sectoral Growth Trends
• Growth and Sectoral Shares, Cross-country
Evidence and Indian Experience
– Inter-Regional Disparities in Growth and Development
– The Way Ahead
– Growth Prospect: An Assessment
– Sustainable Development and Climate Change
SECTION- II
Growth and Distribution
9. Poverty in India
– Poverty Estimates
• The Selection of Poverty Lines
• Economic Growth and Poverty
• Growth and Poverty Nexus
• Comparison of India and China in terms of Poverty Reduction
– Poverty and Inclusive Growth
• Non-income Poverty Dimensions
– Malnutrition
• A Stronger Welfare System and Improved Social Service Provision are Needed
– Poverty Alleviation Programmes
• Programme for Socially Disadvantaged
• Land Reforms
• Public Distribution System
• Public Investment in Human Capital and Public Goods
– Concluding Remarks
10. Unemployment and Employment Perspective
– Concepts and Measurement
– Characteristics and Structure of the Indian Labour Market
– Trend and Pattern of Employment Growth
• Growth in Employment, GDP and Employment Elasticity
• Patterns of Employment Growth at a Disaggregated Level
– Primary Sector
– Secondary Sector
– Services Sector
– Overall Sectoral Pattern
• Gender Differentials in Employment Growth
• Long Term Perspectives
– Labour Market Reforms would Help Boost Employment Creation
– Public Employment Programme for the
Unorganised Workers: The Case of NREGA
• An Overview of the Scheme
• The Performance
• Success Stories
• Remaining Gaps
– Policy Agenda
– Skill Development: The Challenge
– Employment Perspective
11. Economic Inequality in India
– Inequality
– Inequality after Economic Reforms
SECTION- III
Current Perspectives in Agriculture
12. Agriculture: Role and Growth Performance
– Importance of Agriculture in National Economy
• Linkage between Agriculture and Other Sectors
– Agricultural Growth
• Role of Institutional and Technological Factors
in Agriculture Growth
• The New Technology
– Characteristics of New Technology
– Economic Aspects of New Technology
– Green Revolution
• Three Phases of Green Revolution
– The First Phase, 1966-1972
– Debacle and the Second Phase, 1973-1980
– The Third Phase, 1981-1990
– Reform Period, 1991 to the Present
• Deceleration in Agriculture Growth
during 1995-96 to 2004-05
• Performance of the Agriculture Sector during the
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) and Thereafter
– Instability in Ouput
– Regional Disparities and Intra-Personal Disparities
– New Technology and Environmental Degradation
– Long-term Performance, and What could
be Holding Back Indian Agriculture
– Major Factors Affecting the Growth Potential
• Lack of Long Term Policy Perspective
• Investment in Agriculture and Subsidies
• Lagging Research and Development Efforts
• Technology Generation and Dissemination
• Rising Soil Degradation and Over-exploitation of Groundwater
• Degradation of Natural Resources
• Subsidies vis-à-vis Investments and Farm Support Systems
• Agriculture’s Terms of Trade and Farm Price Volatility
– Rural Distress in Post-Reform India
– National Policy for Farmers, 2007
– Emerging Imbalances
• Subsidies versus Public Investment
• Cereals Production and Build up of Stocks
– High Value Commodities: The Future Sources
of Growth in Agriculture
– Secondary Agriculture: A Driver for Growth of Primary Agriculture
– Reforming the Three 'I's: Investments, Incentives, and Institutions
• Investments
• Reforming Incentives
– Price and Marketing Policy
• Reforming Institutions
– Marketing and Warehouse Facilities
– Reforming Land and Credit Markets
– For a High-yield Agri-trade
– Challenges and Outlook
13. Agricultural Price Policy, Food
Management and Food Security
– Agricultural Price Policy
– Food Management
• Food Procurement Policy
• Price and Distribution Controls
in the Food Grain Market
• Public Distribution System (PDS)
• Food Subsidy
• Buffer Stock
– Food Security
– Conclusion
SECTION- IV
Current Perspectives in Industry and Services
14. Industrial Policy
– The Industrial Scene at Independence
– Industrial Control Regime 1950s to 1970s
– Performance of the Industrial Licensing System
– Industrial Policy Reforms 1980s
– The Policy Regime in the 1990s
– New Economic Policy (1991)
• Opening up to Foreign Investment
• Public Sector Reforms and Privatisation
– Industrial Policy: Recent Policy Initiatives
– Industrial Policy Objectives for the Twelfth Plan and Beyond
15. Industrial Growth and Structure since 1951
– Industrial Growth
– Policy Regimes and Pattern of Growth
– Comparative Growth Rates in the 1980s and the 1990s
– Relative Contribution of Sectors to Total Production
– The Manufacturing Slowdown (1996-2002)
• Factors Causing the Slowdown: Some Hypotheses
– Cyclical Factors in Industrial Slowdown
– Structural Factors
Infrastructure Constraints in the Industrial Sector
– Recovery in Industrial Growth since 2002-03
– Recent Industrial Growth (2008-09 to 2013-14)
– Industrial-sector Performance based
on Revised GDP Estimates
– Comparative Position of India
and World Manufacturing
– Why has Growth Moderated?
– Investment in the Industrial Sector
• Gross Capital Formation in Industrial Sector
– Challenges Arising from Government Policies:
Difficult Business Environment
• Labour Deployment Rigidities
• Infrastructure Bottlenecks
• Regulatory Delays and Lack of Transparency
• High Cost and Non-availability of Commercial Bank Credit
– Why did Manufacturing Sector's
Share in Total Employment Stagnate
– Other Aspects of Industrial Change
– Why did the Reforms Fail to Deliver
the Expected Results?
– India's Unique Pattern of Development
– What Should be Done Now?
• Balanced Growth
• Integrating into Global Networks
• Improving Physical Infrastructure
– The Architecture of a Strategy to Accelerate
Growth of Manufacturing
– Conclusions
16. Micro, Small and MediumEnterprises (MSEs)
– Role of SMEs in Global Economy: International Scenario
– Defining MSEs: MSMED Act, 2006
– Role of MSEs in Indian Economy
• To Generate Large-Scale Employment
• To Sustain Economic Growth and Increase Exports
• Making Growth Inclusive
• Status and Key Challenges
– Globalisation and Small Industry Performance
– SSI Performance in the Globalisation Era
• Performance of the SSI Sector: Pre-liberalisation
Period versus Liberalisation Period
• Performance of the Registered SSI
in the Liberalisation Period: 1987/88-2006/07
– Inferences and Conclusions
(In the Context of Recent Policy Initiatives)
17. Public Sector in the Indian Economy
– The Rationale
– Performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises
• Output and Capital Formation
• Fall in Public Sector Employment Growth
• Central PSEs’ Profitability
– Reasons and Implications
– Public Sector and 1991 Industrial Policy
– Policies toward CPSEs and their Implementation
– Privatisation
• Privatisation: Indian Experience since 1991
18. Services in the Indian Growth Process
– Introduction
– Growth and Sectoral Shares, Cross Country
Evidence and Indian Experience
• Services GDP: International Comparison
– World Services Trade
– Factors Underlying the Services Growth
• Services GDP and Gross Capital Formation
• State-wise Comparison of Services
– India’s Services Employment
– India’s Services Trade
– Foreign Direct Investment in India’s Service Sector
– Liberalisation of Services in India
– India and Trade Negotiations in Services
– Conclusion
19. Foreign Direct Investment
– Introduction
– Role of FDI
– FDI Policy: A Historical Perspective
– FDI Inflows and their Impact
– India as an Emerging Source of FDI Outflows
• Impact of FDI on Growth and Domestic Investment
• FDI and Export-Platform Production
– Concluding Remarks and Policy Lessons
• Policy Lessons
• FDI Outlook
SECTION- V
Financial Sector and External Sector
FINANCIAL SECTOR
20. The Financial Sector: Structure, Performance and Reforms
– Growing Importance of Finance in India
– Financial Sector Development in India
• Institutional Structure
• Capital Markets
• Money Markets
• 1991 and After: The Reform Years
• Role of Competition
• Capital Adequacy and Government
Ownership in the Banking Sector
– Conclusion
– The Road Ahead
• Indian Financial Code (IFC)
EXTERNAL SECTOR
21. Foreign Trade and Trade Policy
– Constraints Arising from Foreign Trade
and Import Substitution-based Policies
– Exports and Imports: Broad Trends
• Exports
• Trade Deficit
• Export Composition and Sectoral Performance
– Direction of Exports
• Imports
– Composition of Imports
– Direction of Trade
– Services Trade
– Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
– Appendix: Balance of Trade
– Trade Policy: An Overview
• Import Substitution based Strategy
• Towards Efficient Import Substitution
• Trade Policy since 1991
– Outward Orientation Focusing on Export Promotion
• Recent Trade Policy Measures
22. Balance of Payments
– Concepts
– India’s Balance of Payment Trends: 1950-51 to 2015-16
• First and Second Oil Shocks of 1973 and 1980
• External Payment Crisis of 1991
– The Crisis: 1990-1992
• India’s BoP during 2011-12 to 2015-16
– Capital/finance account developments in 2014-15
and the first half of 2015-16
– Foreign Exchange Reserves
– External Rate
– External Debt
– International Comparison
23. India and the WTO
– World Trade Organization 13-18, 2005)
– India and the WTO
– India's Participation in WTO Meetings, 2005)
– WTO Negotiations and India 2005)
Glossary
Select Bibliography